Stereotype Threat And Its Effect On Social Group - 836 Words

When reminding individuals about the existing stereotype on a specific task of their social group and their membership in this specific social group, these individuals perform worse on the specific task (Steele Aronson, 1995 in Krendl, Richeson, Kelley, Heatherton, 2008). This phenomenon is called stereotype threat. Stereotype threat is stated as the performance reducer when a negative stereotype message about someone’s own group is made salient to evaluate the performance and any of the member’s actions that conform the stereotype making it credible as a self-characterization in the eyes of others, and mainly in one’s own eyes (Steele Aronson, 1995). During a a stereotype threat situation the person experiences the feeling of threat, in which they fear or are afraid to get judged based on negative stereotypes of their social group or to unintentionally confirm the negative stereotypes regarding their social group through their own behavior. Stereotype threat can be understood as the pressure for high performance, which leads to a reduced performance under certain circumstances. Stereotype threats, as shown in many studies, impact the performance in solving complicated mathematical issues for women (Krendl, Richeson, Kelley Heatherton, 2007), the rating of athletic performance and game intelligence of Caucasian and African American basketball players (Stone, Perry, Darley, 1997), or the test results of African- American student athletes in cognitive tasksShow MoreRelatedReview of Social Psychology Book by Claude Steele1468 Words   |  6 Pagespervasive stereotypes can influence individual’s behavior and academic performance, and how they perpetuate in different social groups. Stereotype threat, as defined by Steele, is â€Å"being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about a social group one identifies with.† (Steele, 1997) It is a general phenomenon – standard predicament of life – that springs from intersubjectivity. (p.5) We tend to spontaneously categorize and label people according to their social groupsRead Morehow stereotype threat may cause poor performance in women Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesis social stigma impeding female success or indeed basic biological differences that make males are more successful in these fields than women (Smith, Sansone, White, 2007). One theory explaining why low number of females achieve STEM degrees attributes its cause to stereotype threat (Schmader Johns, 2003). Stereotype threat is defined as a â€Å"socially-premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group appliesRead MoreEffects Of Stereotype Threat On Women s Performance1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlleviating The Effects of Stereotype Threat in Women’s Performance in STEM Tasks Stereotyping is a way for individuals to associate a group concept with a specified attribute. The association between two unrelated concepts can become linked via a third concept (e.g. the self). Drawn from this, there are two types of stereotypes, that is, implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes are linked to automatic thinking in the cognitive process, as individuals are not consciouslyRead MoreStereotype Threats Of College Students1417 Words   |  6 Pages Stereotype Threats of Undergraduates Chassydi Turner Education Psychology Dr. Sandra Hull April 23, 2015 â€Æ' Stereotype produces numerous situations when most are negative in nature. Many studies have been extended since first reported by Steele and Aaronson in earlier years. The term stereotype threat is a threat that diminishes performances, beginning from a negative stereotype about one’s own social group (Steele, 1997; Steele Aaronson 1995). Stating that stereotypes can harm performancesRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Stereotypes And Stereotypes977 Words   |  4 PagesBreaking Stereotypes The labeling or stereotyping of different races often define how they are supposed to act, think, and conduct themselves within society. Stereotyping can have an extremely negative effect on individuals in a particular ethnic group that have a real potential to become something better than what their labels define them as. Stereotypes such as all Native Americans are uneducated and lazy, or all Caucasian people are racists, are assumptions that can cause hatred between racesRead MoreResearch Paper on Stereotype Threat1653 Words   |  7 PagesStereotype Threat in a High Stakes Testing Environment Jennifer J. Krebs Wilkes University Abstract Given the rapidly changing demographics of today’s classrooms combined with the high-stakes testing environment created by the passage of No Child Left Behind, it is important to understand potential explanations for the persistence of achievement gaps. Explanations for the achievement gap have included high populations of English Language Learners (ELLs), socioeconomic issues, lack of resourcesRead MoreThe Inspiration For Whistling Vivaldi1747 Words   |  7 Pagesoffered Staples a smile. Social psychologist Claude Steele refers the phenomenon as an identity contingency. According to Steele (2011), contingencies are â€Å"conditions you have to deal with in a setting in order to function in it. And identity contingencies†¦ are special to you because you have a given social identity† (p. 68). As a member of a minority, Steele not only acknowledged the silent effects of identity contingency, but also explored its effect across many minority groups. Whistling Vival di detailsRead MoreUnderstanding the Obama Effect1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Obama Effect† is a theory that combats the effects of negative stereotyping, which is when a group confirms a negative social stereotype for their social group. For example, a negative stereotype is Black-Americans perform worse on tests than White-Americans, and when Black-Americans are made aware of the stereotype before testing, they perform worse than White-Americans. The â€Å"Obama Effect† is an effect which combats the negative stereotype. When a stereotype-defying role model is very salientRead MoreCase 3.1 Hy Dairies1695 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 3.1 HY DAIRIES, INC. Discussion Questions: 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. The case covers issues of how perceptions affect individual decision-making process. As an introduction, Syd Gilman, the vice marketing president at Hy Dairies perceived Rochelle Beauport as a potential marketing staff responsible to improve the sagging sales of Hy’s gourmet ice cream brand, thus decided to reward her with a new post ofRead MoreGender and Negotiation 1073 Words   |  4 Pagesthat these socialization exits. For the remainder of this paper I will call these role distinctions stereotyping of gender roles. Research shows that mere awareness of stereotypical categorization of male and female characteristics effect the way we negotiate. They effect both how you are perceived and how you response. This paper will focus mainly on gender and race. Why is this important? Because its not just about having negotiation strategy, or knowing your BATNA, reservation point, and doing

The Facebook Addiction Essay - 939 Words

TheFacebook Addiction Poke. Poke back. Poke. Poke back. Welcome to the world of TheFacebook, the online community where flirting with that cute person that sits next to you in class is only one click away. TheFacebook is an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities. Since being founded, in February 2004 at Harvard University, TheFacebook has expanded to many universities across the United States. In November 2004, the numbers of registered users exceeded one million. For example, the University of Florida currently has about half the student body registered, while a university comparable in size, such as the University of South Florida, has registered about a quarter of its student†¦show more content†¦Ã‚• Socializing - informal connection places. • Planning and organizing (community groups, scout groups, sports teams) • Teambuilding - strengthening group relationships. • Relationship building - finding interesting people and getting to know them. • Work spaces for group meetings, interactions etc. • Learning spaces (all online or in combination with face-to-face learning, group or individual) • Information sharing- a place to share files and ideas. • Game playing - just having fun So how does TheFacebook work? You log on to the website and create an account through your college. Then you are able to upload information about yourself, such as your contact numbers, interests, clubs, favorites movies and books, etc. From there, you can search other members profiles based on similar interests, such as what school you are going to, the high school you attended, or what courses you are currently taking. Users can update their profiles often in order to let their online friends know what they are up to. The most predominant feature is the social network you can develop. Like social networking websites, TheFacebook allows users to search for people and select them as friends. It offers an interesting advantage over other friendship websites in that it allows members to browse through students taking the same classes, living in the same buildings, or coming from the same high schools. The Facebook even allows you to view your social network.Show MoreRelatedFacebook Addiction2823 Words   |  12 PagesAsian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Addictive Facebook Use among University Students Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh1, Bahaman Abu Samah1, Siti Zobidah Omar1, Jusang Bolong1 Nurul Akhtar Kamarudin1 1 Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Correspondence: Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra MalaysiaRead MoreFacebook Addiction1694 Words   |  7 PagesFacebook Addiction The newest social networking site, Facebook has opened up an exciting online world that has enabled millions of people around the world to connect with each other. Facebook provides its members a way to make new friends, keep in touch with current friends, and find old friends and family anywhere in the world without ever having to leave their home. Since its introduction to the public in 2005 Facebook has experienced phenomenal growth and has become the world’s most popularRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction975 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction964 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreFacebook Addiction Study6315 Words   |  26 PagesPhilippines in terms of social networking but as we go to the trend, Filipinos have moved on to Facebook, which is currently the biggest and the most popular among social networking sites (Abaà ±o, 2010). It is said that Facebook had become a part of our life. Facebook provides features which gives benefits to its users. However, as we are getting hooked to Facebook, becoming a Facebook addict is inevitable.  ³Facebook is just so addictive, it ¶s better to get logged on than to finish my project in the morning ´Read MoreFacebook : The Positive And Negative Effects Of Facebook Addiction1309 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook Addiction Have you ever imagined your life without Facebook? These days Facebook has become an essential part of our life. Facebook usage involves both the simple use of the site and the level of cognitive engagement with the site. Its use means the existence of individual users on the social website, frequent visits, time committed to this site, and the kind of activities undertaken. People of different ages interact and exchange information; they share picture and videos, discuss issuesRead MoreFacebook s Development Of An Addiction990 Words   |  4 PagesFacebook provides a place for people to hide, a place for people to anonymously bully, and a place for people to create themselves to look perfect in their eyes and to only show the profile they want everyone else to see. The power Facebook provides in this way is another leading cause for the development of an addiction. Most online users alter their profiles to make their lives appealing to their friends and family. It is noticed that t eenagers do this a lot, but they are not as successful in foolingRead MoreFacebook and Social Media Addiction938 Words   |  4 Pages Feeling anxious, Sarah asked for her phone back so she could look at her Facebook notification. Her mom said no but she just kept on begging and begging for it back until her mom noticed†¦ Sarah was crying over an electronic device. At that point she understood that her daughter was falling into the deep, dark hole of social media addiction. Why are social sites like a drug to some people? Is it normal to use the Internet a lot? What really makes a person addicted to a social media site? To answerRead MoreEffects Of Facebook Addiction And Mood1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfriends an individual has on Facebook causes positive mood. Despite criticism from Croom et al (2016), the research highlights a factor of Facebook which could have a huge impact on positive mood, and as a result of not being incorporated within this study could be argued as a factor to why there was not relationship between Facebook usage and mood. 4.2.3 Facebook Usage and Negative Mood The research conducted by Uysal (2013) investigated the effects of Facebook addiction and mood, in 297 participantsRead MoreSocial Networking Addiction1159 Words   |  5 Pagesexplosion of social networks such as Myspace and Facebook, which added a new social dimension to the web. While such networks have made people, communities and groups with shared interests stay more â€Å"connected,† Internet addiction and social network addiction in particular also started being recognized as psychological disorders all over the world. While several 90†²s studies focused on Internet addiction, the next decade saw the growth of a new addiction related to all manner of social networking sites

Stranded Gun and Injured Wolf Free Essays

Frozen, with snow barricading the front door. Opening one old, rickety door took us more than ten minutes. We had physically exhausted ourselves, digging through the snow with our bare hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every inch of our bodies ached and all sensation had been lost. â€Å"Hurry up, It’s getting dark and I’m getting hungry. † I shouted. â€Å"We need to find that weapon or something sharp! † Squeaked Jim. I quickly decided to abandon the Idea of a rescue plan for the Injured wolf. This seemed a good Idea at the time due to everybody feeling the way they did. We later found out that it was the wrong decision to leave the wolf injured and nearly paid with our lives. I decided to ask Scarlet and Jim if they minded that I was behaving as team leader without a vote from the group. As I was the strongest and oldest they were happy to agree. Our first night away from our parents wasn’t pretty. No food, no defense. What had started out to be a rescue mission for the Injured mammal; had already become ours. It was a long night, with the snow drifting Inside the cabin. We were out In the open and were fighting for our lives. To survive we had to work as a team and be quick Through the shutters on the broken, rusty window was a distant figure. Suddenly he started to approach the cabin. â€Å"01†¦ Who are you thinking you can trespass on my property! † bellowed a strange voice in the background. â€Å"Hello? † we all answered simultaneously. You could tell we were all petrified. I tried being fearless, but inside I trembled in my boots. I was hoping this was not apparent to the stranger, who I considered scary and looking like a hillbilly’s! I dread to think how Scarlet was feeling. I could see her physically shaking. An old, wrinkly man appeared wrapped with layers of wool around him. His long, rough, black hair blew in the strong, icy wind. However I quickly noticed dripping on the floor was thick, black, blood, Just like on the injured wolf. Straight the way we stood, and were full of terror. Stranger danger! I could hear my mum reminding me in my head! We could never trust the man. I took a step back from Scarlet and Jim. They were frozen on the spot seeming to be glued to the floor. I quickly grabbed them towards me creating a little space. We noticed he had a gun in is left leather pouch on his belt. We knew we were already at a disadvantage. Miracles do happen! With the sudden noise and movement of a wild boar on the cabin roof. The stranger became distracted. This was the moment to see if he was really a human! Quickly we all opened the shutters on the windows to let as much sunlight in as possible. It was our only chance. My nightmare became reality. The stranger was full of fury and howled like a beast. This exposed his disgusting, large, yellow fangs. His fingers sprouted claws of a wolf. We all knew he wasn’t human, neither mammal. He was a werewolf. Typically we had learnt something valuable in school regarding how to kill a werewolf. We new the sunlight weakened him. He stood tall as if he felt in charge. The gun from the leather pouch dropped when the sunlight hit him. We all scrambled for the gun. Scarlet was the quickest and released a few rounds of bullets. The werewolf hesitated and ran for his life. Scarlet thought she had missed but remembers Mrs. Hilton saying â€Å"Only one silver bullet will kill a werewolf; nothing other than. † How to cite Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf, Papers

Principles of Accounting Present Horizontal Analysis

Question: Describe about thePrinciples of Accounting for Present Horizontal Analysis. Answer: Introduction For this academic paper, I would like to select Google Inc. as a public as well as research company. This research paper would be helpful to provide an overview of the organization in an effective way. Moreover, this paper would also be beneficial to present horizontal analysis of income statement as well as balance sheet of the organization. In addition to this, this research paper would also be helpful to perform ratio analysis of the Google Inc in order to recognize the financial performance and position of the organization. Company Overview Recently, Google Inc. is considered as one of the most public companies in the world. Google is an American multinational technology corporation that is specific in Internet-related services and products. For example, Softwares, online advertising technologies, search engines, cloud computing and so on are the major products and services of Google (Google Inc. 2016). Along with this, Microsoft, Yahoo, Apple, Twitter, Facebook, et cetera are measured as the major competitors of Google Inc. Horizontal Analysis Horizontal analysis that is also known as trend analysis is a financial statement analysis method that plays a significant role in order to show changes in the amounts of equivalent financial statement items over a period of time (Brigham Houston, 2009).. Along with this, horizontal analysis plays a critical role to evaluate the rend situations in an appropriate manner. The horizontal analysis considers the statements of two or more than two years to appraise trend situations in an accurate way. An organization may conduct horizontal analysis for the balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, and schedules of current fixed assets (Carlberg, 2010). The horizontal analysis is an effective tool to evaluate the financial position of the organization in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. On the other hand, horizontal analysis is considered as an imperative part of financial statement analysis. This analysis is important for the managers, and investors of the organization to predict the financial position or performance of the company in the future time period. Along with this, the horizontal analysis plays a significant role to organize data of the current and past years to be acquainted with the actual financial position of the firm (Griffin, 2009). Moreover, the horizontal analysis of Google Inc is valuable to recognize the financial position of the firm in the past years. The horizontal analysis of income statement of Google Inc. is as below: Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement (in millions) Increase or (Decrease) 2015 2014 2013 Amount Percent Amount Percent Total Revenue 74,989 66,001 55,519 8,988 13.62% 10,482 18.88% Cost of Revenue 28,164 25,691 21,993 2,473 9.63% 3,698 16.81% Gross Profit 46,825 40,310 33,526 6,515 16.16% 6,784 20.24% Operating Expenses Research Development 12,282 9,832 7,137 2,450 24.92% 2,695 37.76% Selling General and Administrative 15,183 13,982 10,986 1,201 8.59% 2,996 27.27% Operating Income or Loss 19,360 16,496 15,403 2,864 17.36% 1,093 7.10% Income from Continuing Operations Total Other Income/Expenses Net 291 763 496 -472 -61.86% 267 53.83% Earnings Before Interest And Taxes 19,651 17,259 15,899 2,392 13.86% 1,360 8.55% Income Before Tax 19,651 17,259 15,899 2,392 13.86% 1,360 8.55% Income Tax Expense 3,303 3,639 2,739 -336 -9.23% 900 32.86% Net Income From Continuing Ops 16,348 13,620 13,160 2,728 20.03% 460 3.50% Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations _ 516 -427 0.00% 943 -220.84% Net Income 16,348 14,136 12,733 2,212 15.65% 1,403 11.02% (Source: Yahoo Finance. 2016). On the basis of the horizontal analysis of Googles Income Statement, it should be noted down that the revenues of the company increased by 20.24% from 2013 to 2014 and also increased by 13.62% from 2014 to 2015 year. The increase in revenues illustrates the strong financial position of the organization (Fleay, Poustie Mroczkowski, 2011). Apart from this, the analysis points out that selling administration and RD expenses of the firm have increased more than 8.59% 24.92% from 2015 to 2014 and 27.27% 37.76% from 2013 to 2014. It points up that the organization has made a lot of efforts to control its expenses to diminish cost and to earn profits in order to improve the profitability of the organization in an effective manner (Gundlach Foer, 2004). On the other hand, the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet of Google Inc. is given as below: Horizontal Analysis of Balance Sheet (in millions) Increase or (Decrease) 2015 2014 2013 Amount Percent Amount Percent Cash And Cash Equivalents 16,549 18,347 18,898 -1,798 -9.80% -551 -2.92% Short Term Investments 56,517 46,048 39,819 10,469 22.73% 6,229 15.64% Net Receivables 13,909 10,849 10,916 3,060 28.21% -67 -0.61% Inventory Other Current Assets 3,139 3,412 3,253 -273 -8.00% 159 4.89% Total Current Assets 90,114 78,656 72,886 11,458 14.57% 5,770 7.92% Long Term Investments 5,183 3,079 1,976 2,104 68.33% 1,103 55.82% Property Plant and Equipment 29,016 23,883 16,524 5,133 21.49% 7,359 44.54% Goodwill 15,869 15,599 11,492 270 1.73% 4,107 35.74% Intangible Assets 3,847 4,607 6,066 -760 -16.50% -1,459 -24.05% Other Assets 3,181 3,187 1,976 -6 -0.19% 1,211 61.29% Total Assets 147,461 129,187 110,920 18,274 14.15% 18,267 16.47% Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 15,297 14,018 11,837 1,279 9.12% 2,181 18.43% Short/Current Long Term Debt 3,225 2,009 3,009 1,216 60.53% -1,000 -33.23% Other Current Liabilities 788 752 1,062 36 4.79% -310 -29.19% Total Current Liabilities 19,310 16,779 15,908 2,531 15.08% 871 5.48% Long Term Debt 1,995 3,228 2,236 -1,233 -38.20% 992 44.36% Other Liabilities 5,485 4,458 3,381 1,027 23.04% 1,077 31.85% Deferred Long Term Liability Charges 340 862 2,086 -522 -60.56% -1,224 -58.68% Total Liabilities 27,130 25,327 23,611 1,803 7.12% 1,716 7.27% Stockholders' Equity Common Stock 32,982 28,767 25,922 4,215 14.65% 2,845 10.98% Retained Earnings 89,223 75,066 61,262 14,157 18.86% 13,804 22.53% Other Stockholder Equity -1,874 27 125 -1,901 -7040.74% -98 -78.40% Total Stockholder Equity 120,331 103,860 87,309 16,471 15.86% 16,551 18.96% (Source: Yahoo Finance. 2016). On the basis of the horizontal analysis of the Balance Sheet of the organization, it can be said that the total current assets of Google has been increased 7.92% and total assets by 16.47 % from 2013 to 2014 and also increased by 14.57% and 14.15% from 2014 to 2015. Consequently, on the basis of the analysis, it can be said that there was an increase in the assets of the company in 2015 as compare to 2013. The increase in the assets of the firm indicates the stronger capital structure of the company (Yahoo Finance. 2016). Moreover, the total liabilities of the company also increased as compare to past years that points out that the Google is paying more attention on profits as opposed to fulfill its liabilities. Ratio Analysis The ratio analysis plays a significant role to know the non-financial performance of the organization (Nikolai, Bazley, Jones, 2009). The ratio analysis of the Google Inc. is as below: Ratio Analysis 2015 2014 2013 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities 4.67 4.69 4.58 Current Assets 90114 78656 72886 Current Liabilities 19310 16779 15908 Liquidity Ratio [Current Assets-(Inventory )]/Current Liabilities 4.666701191 4.69 4.58 Inventory 0 0 0 Cash to Current Liabilities Ratio Cash/Current Liabilities 0.86 1.09 1.19 Cash 16549 18347 18898 On the basis of the ratio analysis, it can be said that, the liquidity ratios such as: current ration as well as quick ratio of the firm has been increased from the last two years because of an increase in current assets as compare to current liabilities of the firm. Moreover, high current and quick ratios be a sign of that the short-term financial position of the Google Inc is strong as because it has sufficient assets to compensate its current liabilities effectively. The current ratio also demonstrates that the company has a sufficient amount of working capital to operate its daily business activities in an effective and a proper manner (Porter Norton, 2010). The quick ratio also clarifies that there is a turn down in the inventory level of the firm that means it has sufficient cash and funds. Recommendations On the basis of the above horizontal analysis of income statement balance sheet and ratio analysis, it is recommended that a person must invest in this company. There are many reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that, the financial position of the company is very strong. It has sufficient funds and does not have need of any additional sources to acquire money (Godwin Alderman, 2012). Moreover, the capital structure of the company is very strong and the firm has enough assets to reimburse its current liabilities. Consequently, there is no fear to lose money to the investors. In this way, it can be said that, Google Inc. has numerous strengths that are helpful to attract an investor to invest in the company. For that reason, I must say that, an entity or person must invest in this company in order to earn higher returns on the investment (Zager Zager, 2006). Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, the financial position and capital structure of the Google Inc. is strong. Moreover, it is also observed that, the company has as much as necessary funds to reimburse its current liabilities on the timely manner. As a result, it can be recommend that, Google Inc. is the best option for an investor to invest his/her money to gain high returns in an effective and a proper manner. References Google Inc. (2016). About Us. Retrieved From: https://www.google.co.in/about/company/ Yahoo Finance. (2016). Google Inc. Retrieved From: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=GOOGL+Balance+Sheetannual Yahoo Finance. (2016). Google Inc. Retrieved From: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=GOOGL+Income+Statementannual Carlberg, C. (2010). Business Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2010. Pearson Education. Griffin, M.P. (2009). MBA Fundamentals Accounting and Finance. Kaplan Publishing. Brigham, E.F. Houston, J.F. (2009). Fundamentals of Financial Management (12th ed.). Cengage Learning. Fleay, D., Poustie, N. Mroczkowski, N. (2011). TAFE Accounting: Financial Accounting Applications (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Nikolai, L., Bazley, J., Jones, J. (2009). Intermediate Accounting (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Porter, G.A. Norton, C.L. (2010). Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Makers (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. Godwin, N., Alderman, C. (2012). Financial ACCT2 (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. Gundlach, G. T., Foer, A. A. (2004). Combining Horizontal and Vertical Analysis in Antitrust: The American Antitrust Institute's Roundtable on the Implications of the Work of Robert L. Steiner. Antitrust Bull., 49, 821. Zager, K., Zager, L. (2006). The role of financial information in decision-making process. Innovative Marketing, 2(3), 35-40.