Write about the Case Study Report on Flextronics- Professor Notes

Question: Expound on the Case Study Report onFlextronics. Answer: Presentation Flextronics is experiencing a few issues that are sway man asset and the board related. Current administration includes human asset in wanting to guarantee that workers are adjusted to the business procedure that the association. This has in this way prompted the incorporation of human asset work force at the administration level and the ascent of human asset directors. Associations that are doing admirably in the cutting edge business time have legitimate human asset the executives structures that are characterized by a few markers inside the association. Representatives take a gander at these pointers to quantify the advantages that they get from the organization out of their push to give their best to the organization. Flextronics faces a few issues from the contextual investigation, in particular; absence of an unmistakable hierarchical culture, high worker turnover and absence of a half breed the board structure that is customized to meet diverse representative perspectives and observations with respect to the board (Clark 2009, P.131). This report looks for t recognize human asset related issues in Flextronics and propose potential ways that can be utilized to take care of the issues. Representative Turn Over This is estimated by the period that a representative remains with the association or how regularly workers are supplanted inside the association. Oswald, Eugenio and Daniel (2006, p. 24) propose that it depends on the rate that the representatives leave the organization and not the reasons that make these workers leave. The development of the laborers inside and outside the association is viewed as intentional or automatic and hence this is utilized to settle on choice on how the association fulfills the representatives. Nonetheless, there are three angles under which a representative can leave an association, deliberate detachments, cutbacks and release. Intentional detachments involve end of the connection between the representative and the association through the activity of the worker (Yang, Wan Fu, 2012, P.840). The representative accordingly laves the association voluntarily through mentioning to end the agreement with the association. Cutbacks are a consequence of suspension from the finance arrangement of the association started by the association because of the executives choices that are for the most part determined by monetary components like lull. On the hand release is a changeless end of the workers benefits as a proportion of disciplinary activity. Here the worker is automatically released from the obligations and advantages that they get from the association. Macey Schneider (2008, p. 21) propose that, representative turnover has been for the most part characterized as a negative issue yet it can likewise have positive effects if the association can control the workers through setting up legitimate human asset frameworks. This is on the grounds that turnover is utilized as a marker of execution in deciding the productivity and adequacy of an association. This is a worry for some associations since it contrarily influences arranging and the assets that the association has contributed. Flextronics puts a great deal of assets in workers through preparing and advancement programs that intend to clean the aptitudes of representatives and builds the serious idea of the associations. Since the organization works in a consistently changing business line, the requirement for abilities and right representative examples is a factor that the administration considers no matter what. (Costen Salazar 2011, p. 278). Scientists have contended that worker turnover depends on stuns that assume a job in the choices that the representative makes to ether leave the association or remain in the association. Under intentional conditions, better open doors characterize the reasons for flight by the representative to another association. Luxembourg work showcase demonstrates that beating rates are regular in numerous associations are identified with the compo nents that lead to worker turnover. Then again Angel, Junquera, Ordiz (2008, P. 6032) use worker withdrawal as one of the central point that builds turnover. The meaning of withdrawal is extended to incorporate a more extensive cluster of factors. Human asset administrators have connected worker turnover to work fulfillment inside an association. A few elements become an integral factor to decide how a representative picks on association over another. These workers have desires that should be made for them to be fulfilled. Utilizing Maslows chain of command, when a worker enters the association compensation gets evident and in this manner the need to fulfill more significant level needs inside the association (Mehra et al 2006, P.21). A few components assume a job in worker turnover; inspiration for more significant compensation, low duties at work, poor administration, constrained profession improvement and inability to perceive the endeavors and accomplishments of the representative. Hungarian workers remain less with the association and left effectively whenever another open door emerges with better chances. Further various workers from various nations had various observations about acknowledgment. Some needed endorsements after an instructional class while others favored different types of acknowledgment like expanded obligation with benefits (Macey Schneider 2008, P.23). Absence of Clear Organizational Culture Authoritative culture is a feeling of character that representatives use to recognize themselves with an association. This is an interesting identifier that the staffs use to separate themselves from different associations. It exists in all associations and characterizes the spirit and inspiration that the representatives have. Societies are conveyed through relics, images, qualities and essential presumptions that noticeable and imperceptible. Maon, Lindgreen, Swaen (2008, P.25) present four sorts of hierarchical culture: collective culture, divided culture, organized culture and hired soldier culture. The four sorts of culture assume various jobs inside the association through structure of extraordinary groups inside the association. Associations depend on connections among people and gatherings in executing undertakings inside the association. This culture contains unwritten guidelines that characterize the manner in which the association works and addresses business issues inside the region that it works. Flextronics comes up short on an unmistakable authoritative structure that characterizes the association and aides the exercises of the association. Subsequent to understanding this doesn't exist, the executives has now diverted assets and staff to guarantee that they can build up a character that characterizes the association by empowering the client and the worker to comprehend and effectively figure out what the association rely on (Ilies Nahrgang Morgeson 2007, p.271). In this way the way of life characterizes how representatives inside the association collaborate; it makes a solid method of relating between representatives at the workforce by creating steadfastness designs in the association. Further, hierarchical culture invigorates sound rivalry in the association by requiring a level ground where the workers base their activities of set measures that are built up in the association. It empowers building up of connections among youngsters and bosses and manners by which these connections are characterized. Representatives are additionally propelled to give their best to the association through shaping bonds that are work driven. Through these bonds, representatives set up the best connections that expansion proficiency and viability of the workforce. Gordon (2011, P. 398) contends that, Organizational culture hence involves approaches in an association that characterize the method of doing things that the association feels is extraordinary from different associations. This empowers characterizing of individual jobs and how the job is shared among representatives. Work relations are characterized by the relationship that the representatives have when completing errands at the authoritative level. Hierarchical culture accordingly is the mortar that concretes connections that workers structure in their line of obligation. For appropriate coordination starting with one errand then onto the next and one level to another, there must be a casual coordination that characterizes how the workers relate and how obligations are characterized and shared. Further, Scott-Findlay et al (2006, P. 522), proposes that driving associations have a built up culture with clear unwritten standards that workers follow. This culture is utilized in direction of workers and how they fit in the framework. This supports representative presentation factors like prompt giving an account of work and norms that expansion productivity. This empowers the person to build up a profession that characterizes how the representatives address the issues of the association and build up their vocation. At the point when clear obligations are set inside the association, representatives set their destinations that target meeting their profession advancement needs. On the underhand, new workers utilize hierarchical culture to fit into the association through cultural assimilation. Absence of a Hybrid Management System that Accommodates Different Styles of Management Flextronics has a bigger global nearness with business tasks in various nations. Every one of these nations credits to explicit administration and correspondence designs at the hierarchical level. For instance explicitness and relational contrasts can be experienced among Hungarians and Austrians. On the hand various groups inside the association gathered distinctive Six Sigma practices, quality and material administration, program the board and preparing. This prompted the requirement for a typical stage inside the organization and its huge scope tasks that prompted combination of both Flex University and Flex Factory. This prompted worldwide access to normalized preparing and authority advancement in human asset. Step by step instructions to Deal with Employee Turn Over Paying representatives more than what different contenders pay is the least difficult answer for worker turnover. This will mean the organization offers preferable advantages over the contending organization and in this way no

Avoiding Plagiarism and Referencing Appropriately Free Essays

One of the most noticeably terrible things you can do when composing papers is to appropriate, that is, to make somebody else’s work look like your own. Be that as it may, there are numerous types of unoriginality, and you must know about every one of them to be sure you are turning in work which truly is your own. In this guide we take a gander at what literary theft is, the way to maintain a strategic distance from it, and how referencing has an impact. We will compose a custom article test on Staying away from Plagiarism and Referencing Appropriately or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now Various types of literary theft So as to maintain a strategic distance from literary theft, you should know about the various structures it can take, some more clear than others. Your college or school will approach top-end written falsification checking programming, so don’t even think you’ll pull off it! Here are some regular structures to know about: Citing direct from different people’s work without making it evident that they are not your own words (by utilizing quotes). You likewise need to distinguish who really said this, utilizing the author’s name, year and page number. Close rewording of another person’s work by changing almost no or changing the request marginally. It is likewise literary theft on the off chance that you carelessly follow the structure of somebody else’s contention, regardless of whether you utilize your own words. Regardless of whether you recognize your source, you are as yet copying. The above additionally applies to web sources. Because you discovered something on the web doesn’t mean you can utilize it openly and make it look like your own. Know that web sources have explicit referencing prerequisites. Agreement is likewise copyright infringement. This implies working together with others without recognizing help (be it email interchanges, discussions, all things considered, or other collaboration). Gathering coursework, in the event that you neglect to make the relationship understood, can likewise check. References which are inaccurately arranged. You should know about, and stick to, the reference shows indicated for your course. Counterfeiting additionally incorporates utilizing references where you have not really perused the content you reference. In the event that you read about a writer in another author’s book, you ought to show this in the reference. These are only a portion of the structures unoriginality can take, if all else fails look for additional counsel from your mentor or division. The most effective method to Avoid Plagiarism There are some basic advances you can take to keep away from written falsification. These for the most part include ensuring you completely refer to and reference all the works and people you draw upon when composing. Here’s a rundown of valuable advances: Where you utilize direct citations, put these in quotes and reference them straightforwardly thereafter You should give the source (for example have a reference) for each bit of information you remember for your article. Better to have such a large number of references than to pass up a major opportunity a crucial one. Make sure to recognize different types of help you had remembering exhortation and conversations for individual. You DO NOT have to refer to things which are general normal information or information considered basic in the field you are expounding on. Just as placing references in the content, you likewise need to make a full reference list with subtleties of the considerable number of books and articles you referenced. At times a minute ago frenzies lead to literary theft, so ensure you leave a lot of time to compose and check your work. Recall that referencing and refering to accurately isn't just important to maintain a strategic distance from literary theft, it additionally helps future scholastics and different understudies by giving them a thought of current discussion in your subject. Recollect likewise that your school or college is probably going to have serious punishments for copyright infringement, and that it is your obligation to ensure your work is up to norm. If all else fails, look for more counsel from your coaches. List of sources Keble College (2013) ‘Plagiarism’, [online] (refered to fourteenth February 2013) accessible from http://www.keble.ox.ac.uk/understudies/understudy support/study-abilities and-help/written falsification College of Loughborough (2013) ‘How to keep away from Plagiarism and be reference wise’, [online] (refered to fourteenth February 2013) accessible from http://www.library.dmu.ac.uk/Images/Howto/HowtoAvoidPlagiarism.pdf College of Wisconsin Writing Center (2013) ‘How to keep away from plagiarism’, [online] (refered to fourteenth February 2013) accessible from http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/QPA_plagiarism.html College of London (2013) ‘References, Citations also, Avoiding Plagiarism’, [online] (refered to fourteenth February 2013) accessible from http://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/References_and_Plagiarism.pdf The most effective method to refer to Avoiding Plagiarism and Referencing Appropriately, Essay models

Volunteering and Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Volunteering and Admissions - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Volunteering and Admissions Well, the votes are in (at least about what readers want more information on), and you have stated that you would like to learn more about what things play a factor in admissions.Today, I would like to focus on how we look at students giving back to their community. And for students who are looking at volunteering at UGA, the UGA Center for Leadership and Service is a great place to start. When the counselors in our office are reading admissions applications, one of the things we look at is how an applicant uses their available time. While we can not say an exact amount of emphasis activities count within the review process, it is important to our review. We do not classify one activity as better than another (such as quilting over baseball, or the science club over the debate team). What we are looking at is what you are active in, how active are you (how long have you been involved, leadership, etc), and how has this impacted both you and your community. If you are a part of your schools theater group or sports team, you are both representing your school, performing for an audience, and putting in time and effort. We look at volunteering in the same way, with a focus on commitment and impact on the community. But one thing I want to stress is that UGA does not require community service, and just like other activities, we suggest you only be involved if you truly desire to be involved. Dont come at this situation by looking at it as a way to boost your profile or make your application look better. Do it, or dont do it, because you want to. One thing that is a little more apparent when volunteering is the impact to the community, as (hopefully) a person is volunteering specifically to help out others. This does not mean volunteering is better than another activity, all it means is that tells us more about who is impacted and your motivation. Lastly, I would suggest that if you write about a volunteer experience, especially if you help disadvantaged communities, you should review your essay. More times than we would like to count, our counselors have read an essay where one of the closing lines begins with I am now much more thankful for all that I have. While we understand this response, we hope that your time interacting with a culture, background or situation that is different from yours may bring about personal growth and insight about the larger world. Overall, find activities you love, and if volunteering is one of those activities, we hope you make an impact both for others and yourself.

Stereotype Threat And Its Effect On Social Group - 836 Words

When reminding individuals about the existing stereotype on a specific task of their social group and their membership in this specific social group, these individuals perform worse on the specific task (Steele Aronson, 1995 in Krendl, Richeson, Kelley, Heatherton, 2008). This phenomenon is called stereotype threat. Stereotype threat is stated as the performance reducer when a negative stereotype message about someone’s own group is made salient to evaluate the performance and any of the member’s actions that conform the stereotype making it credible as a self-characterization in the eyes of others, and mainly in one’s own eyes (Steele Aronson, 1995). During a a stereotype threat situation the person experiences the feeling of threat, in which they fear or are afraid to get judged based on negative stereotypes of their social group or to unintentionally confirm the negative stereotypes regarding their social group through their own behavior. Stereotype threat can be understood as the pressure for high performance, which leads to a reduced performance under certain circumstances. Stereotype threats, as shown in many studies, impact the performance in solving complicated mathematical issues for women (Krendl, Richeson, Kelley Heatherton, 2007), the rating of athletic performance and game intelligence of Caucasian and African American basketball players (Stone, Perry, Darley, 1997), or the test results of African- American student athletes in cognitive tasksShow MoreRelatedReview of Social Psychology Book by Claude Steele1468 Words   |  6 Pagespervasive stereotypes can influence individual’s behavior and academic performance, and how they perpetuate in different social groups. Stereotype threat, as defined by Steele, is â€Å"being at risk of confirming, as self-characteristic, a negative stereotype about a social group one identifies with.† (Steele, 1997) It is a general phenomenon – standard predicament of life – that springs from intersubjectivity. (p.5) We tend to spontaneously categorize and label people according to their social groupsRead Morehow stereotype threat may cause poor performance in women Essay1509 Words   |  7 Pagesis social stigma impeding female success or indeed basic biological differences that make males are more successful in these fields than women (Smith, Sansone, White, 2007). One theory explaining why low number of females achieve STEM degrees attributes its cause to stereotype threat (Schmader Johns, 2003). Stereotype threat is defined as a â€Å"socially-premised psychological threat that arises when one is in a situation or doing something for which a negative stereotype about one’s group appliesRead MoreEffects Of Stereotype Threat On Women s Performance1592 Words   |  7 PagesAlleviating The Effects of Stereotype Threat in Women’s Performance in STEM Tasks Stereotyping is a way for individuals to associate a group concept with a specified attribute. The association between two unrelated concepts can become linked via a third concept (e.g. the self). Drawn from this, there are two types of stereotypes, that is, implicit stereotypes and explicit stereotypes. Implicit stereotypes are linked to automatic thinking in the cognitive process, as individuals are not consciouslyRead MoreStereotype Threats Of College Students1417 Words   |  6 Pages Stereotype Threats of Undergraduates Chassydi Turner Education Psychology Dr. Sandra Hull April 23, 2015 â€Æ' Stereotype produces numerous situations when most are negative in nature. Many studies have been extended since first reported by Steele and Aaronson in earlier years. The term stereotype threat is a threat that diminishes performances, beginning from a negative stereotype about one’s own social group (Steele, 1997; Steele Aaronson 1995). Stating that stereotypes can harm performancesRead MoreThe Stereotypes Of Stereotypes And Stereotypes977 Words   |  4 PagesBreaking Stereotypes The labeling or stereotyping of different races often define how they are supposed to act, think, and conduct themselves within society. Stereotyping can have an extremely negative effect on individuals in a particular ethnic group that have a real potential to become something better than what their labels define them as. Stereotypes such as all Native Americans are uneducated and lazy, or all Caucasian people are racists, are assumptions that can cause hatred between racesRead MoreResearch Paper on Stereotype Threat1653 Words   |  7 PagesStereotype Threat in a High Stakes Testing Environment Jennifer J. Krebs Wilkes University Abstract Given the rapidly changing demographics of today’s classrooms combined with the high-stakes testing environment created by the passage of No Child Left Behind, it is important to understand potential explanations for the persistence of achievement gaps. Explanations for the achievement gap have included high populations of English Language Learners (ELLs), socioeconomic issues, lack of resourcesRead MoreThe Inspiration For Whistling Vivaldi1747 Words   |  7 Pagesoffered Staples a smile. Social psychologist Claude Steele refers the phenomenon as an identity contingency. According to Steele (2011), contingencies are â€Å"conditions you have to deal with in a setting in order to function in it. And identity contingencies†¦ are special to you because you have a given social identity† (p. 68). As a member of a minority, Steele not only acknowledged the silent effects of identity contingency, but also explored its effect across many minority groups. Whistling Vival di detailsRead MoreUnderstanding the Obama Effect1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe â€Å"Obama Effect† is a theory that combats the effects of negative stereotyping, which is when a group confirms a negative social stereotype for their social group. For example, a negative stereotype is Black-Americans perform worse on tests than White-Americans, and when Black-Americans are made aware of the stereotype before testing, they perform worse than White-Americans. The â€Å"Obama Effect† is an effect which combats the negative stereotype. When a stereotype-defying role model is very salientRead MoreCase 3.1 Hy Dairies1695 Words   |  7 PagesCase Study 3.1 HY DAIRIES, INC. Discussion Questions: 1. Apply your knowledge of stereotyping and social identity theory to explain what went wrong here. The case covers issues of how perceptions affect individual decision-making process. As an introduction, Syd Gilman, the vice marketing president at Hy Dairies perceived Rochelle Beauport as a potential marketing staff responsible to improve the sagging sales of Hy’s gourmet ice cream brand, thus decided to reward her with a new post ofRead MoreGender and Negotiation 1073 Words   |  4 Pagesthat these socialization exits. For the remainder of this paper I will call these role distinctions stereotyping of gender roles. Research shows that mere awareness of stereotypical categorization of male and female characteristics effect the way we negotiate. They effect both how you are perceived and how you response. This paper will focus mainly on gender and race. Why is this important? Because its not just about having negotiation strategy, or knowing your BATNA, reservation point, and doing

The Facebook Addiction Essay - 939 Words

TheFacebook Addiction Poke. Poke back. Poke. Poke back. Welcome to the world of TheFacebook, the online community where flirting with that cute person that sits next to you in class is only one click away. TheFacebook is an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities. Since being founded, in February 2004 at Harvard University, TheFacebook has expanded to many universities across the United States. In November 2004, the numbers of registered users exceeded one million. For example, the University of Florida currently has about half the student body registered, while a university comparable in size, such as the University of South Florida, has registered about a quarter of its student†¦show more content†¦Ã‚• Socializing - informal connection places. • Planning and organizing (community groups, scout groups, sports teams) • Teambuilding - strengthening group relationships. • Relationship building - finding interesting people and getting to know them. • Work spaces for group meetings, interactions etc. • Learning spaces (all online or in combination with face-to-face learning, group or individual) • Information sharing- a place to share files and ideas. • Game playing - just having fun So how does TheFacebook work? You log on to the website and create an account through your college. Then you are able to upload information about yourself, such as your contact numbers, interests, clubs, favorites movies and books, etc. From there, you can search other members profiles based on similar interests, such as what school you are going to, the high school you attended, or what courses you are currently taking. Users can update their profiles often in order to let their online friends know what they are up to. The most predominant feature is the social network you can develop. Like social networking websites, TheFacebook allows users to search for people and select them as friends. It offers an interesting advantage over other friendship websites in that it allows members to browse through students taking the same classes, living in the same buildings, or coming from the same high schools. The Facebook even allows you to view your social network.Show MoreRelatedFacebook Addiction2823 Words   |  12 PagesAsian Social Science; Vol. 10, No. 6; 2014 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Addictive Facebook Use among University Students Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh1, Bahaman Abu Samah1, Siti Zobidah Omar1, Jusang Bolong1 Nurul Akhtar Kamarudin1 1 Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia Correspondence: Zeinab Zaremohzzabieh, Institute for Social Science Studies, Universiti Putra MalaysiaRead MoreFacebook Addiction1694 Words   |  7 PagesFacebook Addiction The newest social networking site, Facebook has opened up an exciting online world that has enabled millions of people around the world to connect with each other. Facebook provides its members a way to make new friends, keep in touch with current friends, and find old friends and family anywhere in the world without ever having to leave their home. Since its introduction to the public in 2005 Facebook has experienced phenomenal growth and has become the world’s most popularRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction975 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreEssay on Facebook Addiction964 Words   |  4 PagesFACEBOOK ADDICTION Facebook has come to be probably the most commonly used social networking site, nearly half of Facebooks users view their profiles  Ã‚   every day. Some of the   users spend an unreasonable amount of their time on Facebook, whiling   the hours away unnoticed, while chores to go unfinished, and even going to the extent of ignoring family and friends in the real world. Although a majority of the hundreds of millions of people use Facebook as a social networkingRead MoreFacebook Addiction Study6315 Words   |  26 PagesPhilippines in terms of social networking but as we go to the trend, Filipinos have moved on to Facebook, which is currently the biggest and the most popular among social networking sites (Abaà ±o, 2010). It is said that Facebook had become a part of our life. Facebook provides features which gives benefits to its users. However, as we are getting hooked to Facebook, becoming a Facebook addict is inevitable.  ³Facebook is just so addictive, it ¶s better to get logged on than to finish my project in the morning ´Read MoreFacebook : The Positive And Negative Effects Of Facebook Addiction1309 Words   |  6 PagesFacebook Addiction Have you ever imagined your life without Facebook? These days Facebook has become an essential part of our life. Facebook usage involves both the simple use of the site and the level of cognitive engagement with the site. Its use means the existence of individual users on the social website, frequent visits, time committed to this site, and the kind of activities undertaken. People of different ages interact and exchange information; they share picture and videos, discuss issuesRead MoreFacebook s Development Of An Addiction990 Words   |  4 PagesFacebook provides a place for people to hide, a place for people to anonymously bully, and a place for people to create themselves to look perfect in their eyes and to only show the profile they want everyone else to see. The power Facebook provides in this way is another leading cause for the development of an addiction. Most online users alter their profiles to make their lives appealing to their friends and family. It is noticed that t eenagers do this a lot, but they are not as successful in foolingRead MoreFacebook and Social Media Addiction938 Words   |  4 Pages Feeling anxious, Sarah asked for her phone back so she could look at her Facebook notification. Her mom said no but she just kept on begging and begging for it back until her mom noticed†¦ Sarah was crying over an electronic device. At that point she understood that her daughter was falling into the deep, dark hole of social media addiction. Why are social sites like a drug to some people? Is it normal to use the Internet a lot? What really makes a person addicted to a social media site? To answerRead MoreEffects Of Facebook Addiction And Mood1387 Words   |  6 Pagesfriends an individual has on Facebook causes positive mood. Despite criticism from Croom et al (2016), the research highlights a factor of Facebook which could have a huge impact on positive mood, and as a result of not being incorporated within this study could be argued as a factor to why there was not relationship between Facebook usage and mood. 4.2.3 Facebook Usage and Negative Mood The research conducted by Uysal (2013) investigated the effects of Facebook addiction and mood, in 297 participantsRead MoreSocial Networking Addiction1159 Words   |  5 Pagesexplosion of social networks such as Myspace and Facebook, which added a new social dimension to the web. While such networks have made people, communities and groups with shared interests stay more â€Å"connected,† Internet addiction and social network addiction in particular also started being recognized as psychological disorders all over the world. While several 90†²s studies focused on Internet addiction, the next decade saw the growth of a new addiction related to all manner of social networking sites

Stranded Gun and Injured Wolf Free Essays

Frozen, with snow barricading the front door. Opening one old, rickety door took us more than ten minutes. We had physically exhausted ourselves, digging through the snow with our bare hands. We will write a custom essay sample on Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf or any similar topic only for you Order Now Every inch of our bodies ached and all sensation had been lost. â€Å"Hurry up, It’s getting dark and I’m getting hungry. † I shouted. â€Å"We need to find that weapon or something sharp! † Squeaked Jim. I quickly decided to abandon the Idea of a rescue plan for the Injured wolf. This seemed a good Idea at the time due to everybody feeling the way they did. We later found out that it was the wrong decision to leave the wolf injured and nearly paid with our lives. I decided to ask Scarlet and Jim if they minded that I was behaving as team leader without a vote from the group. As I was the strongest and oldest they were happy to agree. Our first night away from our parents wasn’t pretty. No food, no defense. What had started out to be a rescue mission for the Injured mammal; had already become ours. It was a long night, with the snow drifting Inside the cabin. We were out In the open and were fighting for our lives. To survive we had to work as a team and be quick Through the shutters on the broken, rusty window was a distant figure. Suddenly he started to approach the cabin. â€Å"01†¦ Who are you thinking you can trespass on my property! † bellowed a strange voice in the background. â€Å"Hello? † we all answered simultaneously. You could tell we were all petrified. I tried being fearless, but inside I trembled in my boots. I was hoping this was not apparent to the stranger, who I considered scary and looking like a hillbilly’s! I dread to think how Scarlet was feeling. I could see her physically shaking. An old, wrinkly man appeared wrapped with layers of wool around him. His long, rough, black hair blew in the strong, icy wind. However I quickly noticed dripping on the floor was thick, black, blood, Just like on the injured wolf. Straight the way we stood, and were full of terror. Stranger danger! I could hear my mum reminding me in my head! We could never trust the man. I took a step back from Scarlet and Jim. They were frozen on the spot seeming to be glued to the floor. I quickly grabbed them towards me creating a little space. We noticed he had a gun in is left leather pouch on his belt. We knew we were already at a disadvantage. Miracles do happen! With the sudden noise and movement of a wild boar on the cabin roof. The stranger became distracted. This was the moment to see if he was really a human! Quickly we all opened the shutters on the windows to let as much sunlight in as possible. It was our only chance. My nightmare became reality. The stranger was full of fury and howled like a beast. This exposed his disgusting, large, yellow fangs. His fingers sprouted claws of a wolf. We all knew he wasn’t human, neither mammal. He was a werewolf. Typically we had learnt something valuable in school regarding how to kill a werewolf. We new the sunlight weakened him. He stood tall as if he felt in charge. The gun from the leather pouch dropped when the sunlight hit him. We all scrambled for the gun. Scarlet was the quickest and released a few rounds of bullets. The werewolf hesitated and ran for his life. Scarlet thought she had missed but remembers Mrs. Hilton saying â€Å"Only one silver bullet will kill a werewolf; nothing other than. † How to cite Stranded: Gun and Injured Wolf, Papers

Principles of Accounting Present Horizontal Analysis

Question: Describe about thePrinciples of Accounting for Present Horizontal Analysis. Answer: Introduction For this academic paper, I would like to select Google Inc. as a public as well as research company. This research paper would be helpful to provide an overview of the organization in an effective way. Moreover, this paper would also be beneficial to present horizontal analysis of income statement as well as balance sheet of the organization. In addition to this, this research paper would also be helpful to perform ratio analysis of the Google Inc in order to recognize the financial performance and position of the organization. Company Overview Recently, Google Inc. is considered as one of the most public companies in the world. Google is an American multinational technology corporation that is specific in Internet-related services and products. For example, Softwares, online advertising technologies, search engines, cloud computing and so on are the major products and services of Google (Google Inc. 2016). Along with this, Microsoft, Yahoo, Apple, Twitter, Facebook, et cetera are measured as the major competitors of Google Inc. Horizontal Analysis Horizontal analysis that is also known as trend analysis is a financial statement analysis method that plays a significant role in order to show changes in the amounts of equivalent financial statement items over a period of time (Brigham Houston, 2009).. Along with this, horizontal analysis plays a critical role to evaluate the rend situations in an appropriate manner. The horizontal analysis considers the statements of two or more than two years to appraise trend situations in an accurate way. An organization may conduct horizontal analysis for the balance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings, and schedules of current fixed assets (Carlberg, 2010). The horizontal analysis is an effective tool to evaluate the financial position of the organization in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. On the other hand, horizontal analysis is considered as an imperative part of financial statement analysis. This analysis is important for the managers, and investors of the organization to predict the financial position or performance of the company in the future time period. Along with this, the horizontal analysis plays a significant role to organize data of the current and past years to be acquainted with the actual financial position of the firm (Griffin, 2009). Moreover, the horizontal analysis of Google Inc is valuable to recognize the financial position of the firm in the past years. The horizontal analysis of income statement of Google Inc. is as below: Horizontal Analysis of Income Statement (in millions) Increase or (Decrease) 2015 2014 2013 Amount Percent Amount Percent Total Revenue 74,989 66,001 55,519 8,988 13.62% 10,482 18.88% Cost of Revenue 28,164 25,691 21,993 2,473 9.63% 3,698 16.81% Gross Profit 46,825 40,310 33,526 6,515 16.16% 6,784 20.24% Operating Expenses Research Development 12,282 9,832 7,137 2,450 24.92% 2,695 37.76% Selling General and Administrative 15,183 13,982 10,986 1,201 8.59% 2,996 27.27% Operating Income or Loss 19,360 16,496 15,403 2,864 17.36% 1,093 7.10% Income from Continuing Operations Total Other Income/Expenses Net 291 763 496 -472 -61.86% 267 53.83% Earnings Before Interest And Taxes 19,651 17,259 15,899 2,392 13.86% 1,360 8.55% Income Before Tax 19,651 17,259 15,899 2,392 13.86% 1,360 8.55% Income Tax Expense 3,303 3,639 2,739 -336 -9.23% 900 32.86% Net Income From Continuing Ops 16,348 13,620 13,160 2,728 20.03% 460 3.50% Non-recurring Events Discontinued Operations _ 516 -427 0.00% 943 -220.84% Net Income 16,348 14,136 12,733 2,212 15.65% 1,403 11.02% (Source: Yahoo Finance. 2016). On the basis of the horizontal analysis of Googles Income Statement, it should be noted down that the revenues of the company increased by 20.24% from 2013 to 2014 and also increased by 13.62% from 2014 to 2015 year. The increase in revenues illustrates the strong financial position of the organization (Fleay, Poustie Mroczkowski, 2011). Apart from this, the analysis points out that selling administration and RD expenses of the firm have increased more than 8.59% 24.92% from 2015 to 2014 and 27.27% 37.76% from 2013 to 2014. It points up that the organization has made a lot of efforts to control its expenses to diminish cost and to earn profits in order to improve the profitability of the organization in an effective manner (Gundlach Foer, 2004). On the other hand, the horizontal analysis of the balance sheet of Google Inc. is given as below: Horizontal Analysis of Balance Sheet (in millions) Increase or (Decrease) 2015 2014 2013 Amount Percent Amount Percent Cash And Cash Equivalents 16,549 18,347 18,898 -1,798 -9.80% -551 -2.92% Short Term Investments 56,517 46,048 39,819 10,469 22.73% 6,229 15.64% Net Receivables 13,909 10,849 10,916 3,060 28.21% -67 -0.61% Inventory Other Current Assets 3,139 3,412 3,253 -273 -8.00% 159 4.89% Total Current Assets 90,114 78,656 72,886 11,458 14.57% 5,770 7.92% Long Term Investments 5,183 3,079 1,976 2,104 68.33% 1,103 55.82% Property Plant and Equipment 29,016 23,883 16,524 5,133 21.49% 7,359 44.54% Goodwill 15,869 15,599 11,492 270 1.73% 4,107 35.74% Intangible Assets 3,847 4,607 6,066 -760 -16.50% -1,459 -24.05% Other Assets 3,181 3,187 1,976 -6 -0.19% 1,211 61.29% Total Assets 147,461 129,187 110,920 18,274 14.15% 18,267 16.47% Liabilities Current Liabilities Accounts Payable 15,297 14,018 11,837 1,279 9.12% 2,181 18.43% Short/Current Long Term Debt 3,225 2,009 3,009 1,216 60.53% -1,000 -33.23% Other Current Liabilities 788 752 1,062 36 4.79% -310 -29.19% Total Current Liabilities 19,310 16,779 15,908 2,531 15.08% 871 5.48% Long Term Debt 1,995 3,228 2,236 -1,233 -38.20% 992 44.36% Other Liabilities 5,485 4,458 3,381 1,027 23.04% 1,077 31.85% Deferred Long Term Liability Charges 340 862 2,086 -522 -60.56% -1,224 -58.68% Total Liabilities 27,130 25,327 23,611 1,803 7.12% 1,716 7.27% Stockholders' Equity Common Stock 32,982 28,767 25,922 4,215 14.65% 2,845 10.98% Retained Earnings 89,223 75,066 61,262 14,157 18.86% 13,804 22.53% Other Stockholder Equity -1,874 27 125 -1,901 -7040.74% -98 -78.40% Total Stockholder Equity 120,331 103,860 87,309 16,471 15.86% 16,551 18.96% (Source: Yahoo Finance. 2016). On the basis of the horizontal analysis of the Balance Sheet of the organization, it can be said that the total current assets of Google has been increased 7.92% and total assets by 16.47 % from 2013 to 2014 and also increased by 14.57% and 14.15% from 2014 to 2015. Consequently, on the basis of the analysis, it can be said that there was an increase in the assets of the company in 2015 as compare to 2013. The increase in the assets of the firm indicates the stronger capital structure of the company (Yahoo Finance. 2016). Moreover, the total liabilities of the company also increased as compare to past years that points out that the Google is paying more attention on profits as opposed to fulfill its liabilities. Ratio Analysis The ratio analysis plays a significant role to know the non-financial performance of the organization (Nikolai, Bazley, Jones, 2009). The ratio analysis of the Google Inc. is as below: Ratio Analysis 2015 2014 2013 Current Ratio Current Assets/Current Liabilities 4.67 4.69 4.58 Current Assets 90114 78656 72886 Current Liabilities 19310 16779 15908 Liquidity Ratio [Current Assets-(Inventory )]/Current Liabilities 4.666701191 4.69 4.58 Inventory 0 0 0 Cash to Current Liabilities Ratio Cash/Current Liabilities 0.86 1.09 1.19 Cash 16549 18347 18898 On the basis of the ratio analysis, it can be said that, the liquidity ratios such as: current ration as well as quick ratio of the firm has been increased from the last two years because of an increase in current assets as compare to current liabilities of the firm. Moreover, high current and quick ratios be a sign of that the short-term financial position of the Google Inc is strong as because it has sufficient assets to compensate its current liabilities effectively. The current ratio also demonstrates that the company has a sufficient amount of working capital to operate its daily business activities in an effective and a proper manner (Porter Norton, 2010). The quick ratio also clarifies that there is a turn down in the inventory level of the firm that means it has sufficient cash and funds. Recommendations On the basis of the above horizontal analysis of income statement balance sheet and ratio analysis, it is recommended that a person must invest in this company. There are many reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that, the financial position of the company is very strong. It has sufficient funds and does not have need of any additional sources to acquire money (Godwin Alderman, 2012). Moreover, the capital structure of the company is very strong and the firm has enough assets to reimburse its current liabilities. Consequently, there is no fear to lose money to the investors. In this way, it can be said that, Google Inc. has numerous strengths that are helpful to attract an investor to invest in the company. For that reason, I must say that, an entity or person must invest in this company in order to earn higher returns on the investment (Zager Zager, 2006). Conclusion On the basis of the above analysis, it can be concluded that, the financial position and capital structure of the Google Inc. is strong. Moreover, it is also observed that, the company has as much as necessary funds to reimburse its current liabilities on the timely manner. As a result, it can be recommend that, Google Inc. is the best option for an investor to invest his/her money to gain high returns in an effective and a proper manner. References Google Inc. (2016). About Us. Retrieved From: https://www.google.co.in/about/company/ Yahoo Finance. (2016). Google Inc. Retrieved From: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/bs?s=GOOGL+Balance+Sheetannual Yahoo Finance. (2016). Google Inc. Retrieved From: https://finance.yahoo.com/q/is?s=GOOGL+Income+Statementannual Carlberg, C. (2010). Business Analysis: Microsoft Excel 2010. Pearson Education. Griffin, M.P. (2009). MBA Fundamentals Accounting and Finance. Kaplan Publishing. Brigham, E.F. Houston, J.F. (2009). Fundamentals of Financial Management (12th ed.). Cengage Learning. Fleay, D., Poustie, N. Mroczkowski, N. (2011). TAFE Accounting: Financial Accounting Applications (3rd ed.). Cengage Learning. Nikolai, L., Bazley, J., Jones, J. (2009). Intermediate Accounting (11th ed.). Cengage Learning. Porter, G.A. Norton, C.L. (2010). Financial Accounting: The Impact on Decision Makers (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. Godwin, N., Alderman, C. (2012). Financial ACCT2 (2nd ed.). Cengage Learning. Gundlach, G. T., Foer, A. A. (2004). Combining Horizontal and Vertical Analysis in Antitrust: The American Antitrust Institute's Roundtable on the Implications of the Work of Robert L. Steiner. Antitrust Bull., 49, 821. Zager, K., Zager, L. (2006). The role of financial information in decision-making process. Innovative Marketing, 2(3), 35-40.

Psychology Final Paper Research Paper Example

Psychology Final Paper Paper In the first module we have explored the topics of perspectives, careers, and ethics In psychology. A perspective In psychology Is the way In which psychologists choose to approach the study of human behavior. Such perspectives would be socio cultural, biological, psychodrama, behavioral, cognitive, and humanistic. To go along with the lesson on perspectives we had to pick an outrageous celebrity and explain their behavior in reference to the different perspectives. For the assignment, I chose to do Brittany Spears, and I explained how each perspective would describe her behaviors ND cognitive thinking. In this module we further explored careers In psychology such as sports psychologists to clinical and counseling psychologists, and where psychologists could be employed. Psychologists have a code of ethics, there is 10 standards but yet in still broken down further, one of the most important is informed consent which the participants would read so that they know what they will be getting into. Since I am quite interested in psychology these concepts helped me figure out In what pathway I would like to go In (social psychologist). This learning has hanged my behavior by making me see that there are many ways In seeing/ describing human behavior. Therefore, before I judge I see things as a psychologist would- similar to Masons interest in self-actualization. Module B In module B there were two major concepts, correlation and descriptive statistics, and evaluation of research. (Correlation and descriptive statistics) Research methods fall three categories which are descriptive, correlation, and experimentation. Experimentation is basically the scientific method which allows manipulation of factor of Interest, and control of other factors. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Final Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Final Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology Final Paper specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Descriptive would Include case studies and surveys. Descriptive includes sampling which is essential to this type of research, if done correctly a random sample could provide you with accurate results but if not it can lead to misleading results. Correlation is the representation whether two factors are related or not. Correlation does not show cause and effect. Correlation can be positive or negative, while positive Indicates a direct relationship between behavior s, negative Indicates an Indirect relationship between them. The next concept In this module was the evaluation of research. The forum for module 1 lesson 3 helped me understand further the evaluation of research because here learned of an experiment that had been done in California where people role played that of a prisoner and guard. Since things got pretty bad they had to stop because of ethical concerns, we then had to come up with questions to evaluate the study, many people asked If It was ethical or the reason for the experiment; this assignment made me question the motive behind this experiment. These concepts can be applied to my life personally because in school we use the scientific method and statistics all he time, and now I know that in the end it is important that I evaluate my research. This knowledge has changed my behavior by making me questions peoples motives more often. Module AAA Our major concepts in AAA were the nervous/endocrine system, the brain, and sensation. (Nervous/endocrine system) Neurons are the bulling blocks of the the nervous system is the entire network of neurons in our body. The nervous system can be divided in two, the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system (CANS) is made up of the brain and the spinal rod and is the command for all central messages while the peripheral nervous system connects the CANS to the rest of the body. The endocrine system works with the parasympathetic system or the sympathetic system to sustain our basic body processes. The endocrine system contains glands such as pituitary, thyroid and pancreas which secrete a specific hormone that influence our body functions, behaviors, and emotions. The next concept is the brain which contains three parts, the cerebellum and brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex. The brain stem which is in the first layer connects the spinal cord to the rest of the brain while he cerebellum controls motor coordination and balance. The next layer, the limbic system is only found fully developed in mammals, and is involved in motivation, emotions and certain memory processes. Now the outer layer which is the cerebrum, which is further, divided into four sections the frontal lobe. Parietal lobes, temporal lobes and occipital lobes, which have to work together because no one part takes responsibility of emotion or memory etc In AAA lesson two we had an assignment in which we had to identify what part of the brain would be required to do a certain activity, this activity helped me determine what each part of the brain was for. The last concept is sensation, sensation is the process with which our senses gather information and sends it to the brain. The point in which a stimulus goes from undetectable to detectable is called the absolute threshold, and the amount of change needed to recognize that a change has occurred is called the difference threshold. These concepts can be applied to my life because this helps me better understand my body and brain , I am also applying this in activities as I think about the processes of each of the activities. This learning has changed my behavior by making me aware of the actions taking place in my brain as I do something. Module B The major concepts in module B were the nature vs Nurture debate, biology impacting behavior, and biology and psychological health. The nature vs Nurture has been a long running debate, which basically asks what makes us who we are? Is it our heredity and genes or our experiences and environment? In lesson one, we had an assignment in which he had to name some of our characteristic and determine if this trait was acquired through nature or nurture. This assignment got me really thinking n what it was that made me who I am , one of my traits was introvert, which I believed I acquired through nature instead of nurture because my mother is also not as social as most people. Biology, in biological perspectives, impacts your behavior, such as when sleep deprivation could cause you to be irritable, anxious, depressed, and forgetful. Additionally, Vive realized that I show signs of insomnia. Another factor of biology that affects behavior is age, most adults think of teenagers as reckless or irresponsible, which could be because we think that we are young that we are invincible. There are two types of personality type A and B. A person with a type A personality are high achievers , workaholics , and obsessed with time management , while a person with a type B personality will be more relaxed and go with the flow. Stress, a person with a type A personality will be more at risk. High levels of stress can be harmful to overall health. An assignment that helps me identify stresses was the assignment in lesson 3, where we had to identify negative and positive stresses and positive and negative reactions to stress. I can honestly say that learning of which are positive and negative stresses will help me get rid of the bad stresses so that I am psychologically healthy. These concepts have changed my behavior by helping me identify ways to positively react to stress so I dont do it in the wrong manner. Module AAA The concepts in module AAA were theories, and behavior from a cognitive perspective. There have been many great psychologists throughout the years that have their own theories on the whys of human behavior. Pavlov believed that there was a connection between stimuli and responses which is known as classical conditioning , but on the there hand we have the founding father of operant conditioning, Skinner who thought the most powerful influences on behavior were consequences; the only difference between operant and classical conditioning is that classical is involuntary and operant is. Bandeau is the one who created the social learning theory which states that we learn through observing and imitating others. Moscow created the hierarchy of needs which was a pyramid and our ultimate goal is self-actualization. Another psychologist is Pigged who studied children and created developed stages in which cognitive development should occur. The last psychologist is Banishes who was known for his work in human intelligence and memory, Banishes conducted an experiment on himself and others and one of his conclusions were that meaningless stimuli are harder to memorize than meaningful stimuli. The forum in lesson one, asked us to pick the psychologist with the best theory and it was great to see the many other opinions of my peers; I would have personally chosen, Albert Bandeau because I could relate with his theory the most. Behavior and the cognitive approach can both be compared using perception. Perception is the process of obtaining and interpreting information that we take in from our senses and an optical illusion is where you incorrectly interpret a stimulus pattern. Hermann von Hellholes had a theory known as the learning based theory in which you use prior knowledge to interpret new information. I apply the theories of what I have learned about to people I see every day such as when I see a baby babbling. My behavior has changed because I myself have taken in account Masons hierarchy of need and have made little attempts at reaching self-actualization. Module B The concepts in B were classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational conditioning. Ivan Pavlov believed in classical conditioning where and unconditioned stimulus was paired with a conditioned stimulus to provoke a response. Pavlov conducted an experiment where conditioned dogs to salivate at the sound of the bell not Just at the sight of food. Although when he withheld the food for some time the dogs stopped reacting to the bell. Classical conditioning is use to help shape behavior. For the assignment in lesson 1 we got to condition a dog to salivate at a sound which helped me understand the whole concept of classical conditioning. Operant conditioning uses rewards and punishments to shape behavior, operant conditioning would be used when teach a pet a new trick. In positive punishment is where you add something to diminish a behavior, and negative punishment is where something is taken away to diminish a behavior. The last concept is observational learning which states that people learn through observing others. An example of observational conditioning is the experiment with the BOOB Doll, in the experiment children watched adults have fun abusing a BOOB doll and when left alone they too started acting aggressively toward the doll. In the video I watched, the children watched and imitated what they had seen. At the moment I am applying operant conditioning to training my dog(s) to do some tricks such as sit, stay, or Just cooperate! After what I have learned from the BOOB Doll experiment, I am more cautious about what behaviors I do that could possibly affect anyone around me in a similar way of the children behaving towards the doll. Module AAA The key concepts in module AAA were diversity, attitudes, and being a part of society. Despite the diversity on this earth most facial expressions are interpreted the same way by people in different cultures. Paul Seaman was a leading investigator in facial expressions and he investigated the belief that all humans interpret facial expressions the same way. Seaman would show pictures of facial expressions such a happiness, fear and anger; using this system Seaman determined that there are 4 distinct smiles and that all do not mean happiness. Disgust on the other hand evolves culturally, in American culture we eat only a select few animal and we avoid reptiles and amphibians, while another culture can embrace eating those sorts of animals. Cultural norms affect our perception, and can lead to prejudice. In the forum in lesson one, we had to state something that we found disgusting and I wasnt reprised to see that most of us felt disgusted by very similar things which is because culture affects our perception of what is disgusting. Especially regarding food! Society, can also affect our attitudes examples are the bystander effect and cognitive dissonance. The bystander effect is a social phenomenon where a person is less likely to help when there are others around who can help therefore when you are in a group you are less likely to help someone in need , than if you were alone. Cognitive dissonance is where your attitudes and behavior are in conflict which asses discomfort, this discomfort then causes you to change the behavior or the action. As you can see society can sometimes change our attitudes as see with the bystander effect and cognitive dissonance. Psychologists noticed that when alone a person is more themselves and that when placed in a group the persons behavior changed; being part of the society can cause two phenomenon to occur, social loafing, and social facilitation. Social loafing is the tendency to put less effort into a task when in a group, the more people there are in a group the less effort each will put in. Social facilitation is where a person performs better in the presence of other people. I can apply what I have learned about social loafing to high school; I find that almost in every group I have been in equal effort has not been put in by all because of social loafing. Also, this is because this act can be seen and considered a cultural norm. Learning about the bystander effect has made me a bit more proactive because I dont want to one of those people who go unnoticed when in grave danger Therefore, I try constantly to help people as much as possible. Module B communication/social networking. Sombreros prison study has been one of the experiments that we have constantly discussed, in this experiment Zanzibar demonstrated that people will act violent or aggressive to fulfill the role of being a guard or prisoner. The people participating in this experiment were put into a realistic Jail and before long the guards were acting mean and the prisoners rebelled. On the sixth day of the experiment it was terminated because the participants were dramatically changing and it was considered unethical. Amalgams experiment is similar to Sombreros, in his experiment he had a teacher and a tuned (actor) , the teacher was asked to ask the students some questions and with each one they got wrong a shock was administered. With each wrong answer the voltage of the shock was increased, the student (actor) would act as if the shock hurt them, and the teachers were disconcerted but encouraged to proceed by the experimenter. In this experiment it was found that 65% of the teachers proceeded to the maximum voltage which shows that a person will more than likely do what an authority figure tells them to even though they might think it is wrong. It was determined that this was due to obedience. The last one is Coachs conformity study , here Cash gathered seven to nine males and claimed his study was on visual perception , all but one of the men were confederates. The men were to verbally answer, on the first trails the men would all unanimously answer correctly but on the third they all gave the wrong answer. Ash found that when the person was alone they would make mistakes less than 1% of the time but in a group they made errors 36. 8% of the time. This was because of conformity to the groups thoughts and not wanting to be wrong either. The assignment in lesson one in which we had to take two examples from our lives in which authority are prevalent factors helped me further understand these experiments. As time progresses there has been an increase in mass communication and social networking, and has shed light on bullying. Media such as Faceable or Twitter make bullying permanent and euthanized, which makes it easier to make rude comments because it is not being done face to face. Even though most of the theories described above were based off of the time before all the technology, most of the theories can still explain our behavior. I can apply Coachs experiment to my life because in high school we are often in-groups corrupting) and we tend to go along with a group rather than going against it. The information I have acquired about social networking has made me wary of what people post about other on social networking sites. Module AAA The concepts in AAA were the Psychosocial Stages of Development of birth to 6 years, 6 to 12, and 12 to 18. Since birth we start developing language , we first start with nonsensical babbling(O 4 months) then onto the one word stage (1 year) and two word stage(18 months) until we get to make multiple word sentences (2 years ). Also during this time Piglets stages of cognitive development comes into play, from birth o 6 years you experience the seniority stage in which a child primarily explorers the world through their senses and the operational stage where a child realized that there are other viewpoints besides their own. The next concept or ages is of 6-12 years , during this time a person is in the stage of concrete operational stage where a child is able to understand conversion, Kohlrabis second stage also comes into play keeping everyone happy. The last concept is that of the ages 12- 18, teen eager go through Piglets formal operations in which they develop the ability for abstract reasoning and hypothetical thought. During this time teenagers should be in Kohlrabis last level of moral development where a person is concerned with promoting the welfare of ones society or achieving Justice. For an assignment in lesson 3 we had to watch a video on the teenage brain in which I gained a lot of insight into my own brain which I thought was interesting. Considering I am 16 1 am in the 12-18 stage and I can say that I am in Kohlrabies third level of moral development. In this module I have learned of the different stages I have been through already, the different stages of Piglets and Kohlrabis development I was in, ND how they do or do not apply to me. Module B The stages/concepts explored in B were early adulthood, middle adulthood, and late adulthood. People In early adulthood (18-40) according to Erosions psychological theory should be in conflict of intimacy vs Isolation. In the stage of intimacy vs Isolation a young adult start close relationships but first you must have gone through identity vs Role confusion so that you have a clear image of who you are. If this conflict is not resolved successfully then loneliness and isolation can occur. Middle adulthood is next the conflict in this stage is generatively vs Taxation. In generatively vs Stagnation a person feels the need to create or nurture things that will outlast them and once their children leave home they will experience the empty nest syndrome. The last one is late adulthood (65+), this is the maturity stage and its conflict is integrity vs Despair. During late adulthood a person will reflect on their life and evaluate their accomplishments or not. If the person feels successful then they can feel wise and if not their failure will result in regret and despair. An assignment that I enjoyed is the lesson one forum where we learned of Whines moral dilemma, it as interesting looking at what each of my classmates thought was right and wrong. I found it quite difficult to choose either right or wrong for it depended on the ethics or morals one were to consider. This learning can be applied to my life because my parents are in the middle adulthood and they are right now focusing on nurturing future generations. In this module I basically learned of the different times in adulthood and the conflicts that I am to face in them. Module AAA The concepts that module AAA mainly focused on was individual differences and making the most of these individual differences. Our personality can be impacted by logy and human nature, environment, and coloratura. A human characteristic that is built into our biology and in our nature is scapegoat or the displacement of aggression. Environment also plays a role in our personalities things like birth order can affect our personality. Our personalities are also affected by our culture for example in the US individualism is rewarded while in other places collectivism is. There are five major personality traits openness or close-mindedness, conscientiousness or impulsiveness, extroversion or introversion, agreeableness or coldness, and neurotics or emotional stability. To learn more about ourselves we were to take a few personality tests and in one I ended up being INFO. The Myers- Briggs Personality Test type indicator, further helps you assess your personality traits. There are two types of personality type A and B. A person with a type A Many people use such tests when choosing for the business world, in education when you are looking for a career, and in family which relationship counselors will use to understand the differences in the couple. It is important to know of your personality so that you can make the best of it such as when selecting a career or knowing your personality type. It can help you cope in certain situations. I have learned a lot about myself in this module which help me figure out which career best suits me. Since Vive found out that I was an extreme introvert, I have been trying (slightly) to change my behaviors and be more a bit more social because it will help me later on in life when I have to talk to people. Also, consider self-efficacy, and believe in my ability to complete a task or solve certain problems. Module B In our last module the concepts we explored were psychological disorders and their treatments. Mental illnesses are not easy to diagnose but there are many indicators such as delusions, unpredictability, irrationality, and distress. To diagnose people the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders is used; also illnesses are diagnosed by symptoms not causes. A commonly heard mental illness is schizophrenia which the psychotic deterioration of the personality, a treatment for this would probably be drug therapy. There are many types of therapies a person can receive, insight therapy is an attempt to change people on the inside or the way they think and feel. There is also behavior therapy which is behavior modification, and then there is cognitive behavioral therapy which combines cognitive and behavioral therapies. The last type of therapy is biomedical therapy whose goal is to change the structure or function of the brain. The assignment that helped me understand this module further was the assignment in lesson 2 where we were given a person with an illness and we had to pick a treatment. One of my parents friends has obsessive compulsive disorder (COD) and it is interesting to learn more about his problem, and that it can cause stress to the rest of the family. To sum it up, illnesses are classified by the symptoms and then the person receives a treatment for him or her problem.

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes

A Profile of Greek Mathematician Eratosthenes Eratosthenes (c.276-194 B.C.), a mathematician, is known for his mathematical calculations and geometry. Eratosthenes was called Beta (the second letter of the Greek alphabet) because he was never first, but he is more famous than his Alpha teachers because his discoveries are still used today. Chief among these are the calculation of the circumference of the earth (note: the Greeks did know the earth was spherical) and the development of a mathematical sieve named after him. He made a calendar with leap years, a 675-star catalog, and maps. He recognized the Niles source was a lake, and that rains in the lake region caused the Nile to flood. Eratosthenes - Life and Career Facts Eratosthenes was the third librarian at the famous Library of Alexandria. He studied under the Stoic philosopher Zeno, Ariston, Lysanias, and the poet-philosopher Callimachus. Eratosthenes wrote a Geographica based on his calculations of the circumference of the earth. Eratosthenes is reported to have starved himself to death at Alexandria in 194 B.C. Writing of Eratosthenes Much of what Eratosthenes wrote is now lost, including a geometrical treatise, On Means, and one on the mathematics behind Platos philosophy, Platonicus. He also wrote the fundamentals of astronomy in a poem called Hermes. His most famous calculation, in the now lost treatise On the Measurement of the Earth, explains how he compared the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon in two places, Alexandria and Syene. Eratosthenes Calculates the Circumference of the Earth By comparing the shadow of the sun at Summer Solstice noon at Alexandria and Syene, and knowing the distance between the two, Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth.The sun shone directly into a well at Syene at noon. At Alexandria, the angle of inclination of the sun was about 7 degrees. With this information, and knowing that Syene was 787 km due south of Alexandrian  Eratosthenes calculated the circumference of the earth to be 250,000 stadia (about 24,662 miles).

Tesla (electrocar) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Tesla (electrocar) - Essay Example The use of electric cars is increasing in all economies in the current epoch. A battery stored electrical energy or electric motor helps to run the contemporary electric cars manufactured by Tesla Motors. The modern electric cars produced by Tesla comprises of efficient electric motors that facilitates in generating torque. Torque helps to generate smooth and strong acceleration to such cars. The Tesla electric cars are considered to be the safest cars in the automobile market. There are many car models of Tesla:- Model S: a 7 seating electric car generating no emissions. 265MI EPA range of certification. 4.2 sec, 0-60 (acceleration). Model X: comprising of a dual motor, one of the motors is well equipped to work well in all road and climatic conditions, generating a torque of 50%. 5 sec, 0-60 (acceleration). It has a 60 or 85 kWh powered battery. The model uses does not uses any gasoline. The firm has planned for its new designed electric car, Model X Design Prototype, the car would be launched for sale from 2014 and its price would be that of Model S. All the products of Tesla are eco friendly and unique in style (Teslamotors, 2013). Other Large Competitors. Vehicule Electriques Pininfarina Bollore, BYD Auto, Nissan and Renault are four giant automobile companies that have launched excellent models of electric cars. Such cars symbolize class, status and environmental consciousness of the users. SIC Codes. The Standard Industrial Classification Code (SIC) of the automobile industry in United State is 37111. Trade Magazines and Labor Unions. The automobile firms like Tesla require large number of laborers for its manufacturing, operational, marketing and retail outlets. Several trade magazines have talked about the good virtues of the automobile industry facilitating high employment generation. However, it should also be considered that when the number of employees in an industry is high, the bargaining power of the workers rises. Labor union leaders ensure int erests of the employers in the workplaces. It has been empirically observed that the strong labor unions of the automobile market in U.S. have compromised the competitive powers of the companies in the global market. In the last thirty years it has been found that the labor union leaders have forced American firms to increase the level of trade barriers. Labor unions have made U.S. automobile companies lose their market shares to the foreign rivals. The labor unions demand for high wages from the companies. Delphi pays $76/hr to its workers. It is estimated that in every car sales of a company in U.S., the labor union achieves a benefit of $2000. Sometimes the big automobile companies like Ford have ceased some of its operating plants for pricy labor costs (Teslamotors, 2013). Figure 1: U.S. Auto Labor Markets (Source: Author’s Creation) The above graph shows the U.S. auto market, high intervened wages rates set by the labor unions reduce the quantity of car produces and incr eases the cost prices. It generates a deadweight loss into the industry. Imports and Exports. Despite of the disturbances of labor unions, U.S. auto industry enumerated a surplus trade balance from 2010 to 2011. The aggregate imports and exports of cars across the world on average in U.S. have increased. The percentage change in imports is 12.4% and percentage change in exports is 17.9%. On total, aggregate sales have increased and have changed by 7%. However, when regional disparities are

Business Ethics and Social responsibility (An Ethical Analysis of Essay

Business Ethics and Social responsibility (An Ethical Analysis of (Nike) ) - Essay Example Nike has also become one of the world’s leading sportswear and equipment providers with revenues exceeding 18.6 billion in supplies for athletic shoes (Yu). Although based in the US, the company continues to provide excellent quality products to its customers and to maximize its profits all over the globe, with the swoosh becoming one of the most iconic brand symbols of all time. In 2009, Nike was employing 30,000 people in different 52 countries all over the world (Yu). Nike began as a small retail outlet in the car of Phil Knight in January 1964. Its founding fathers, Bill Bowerman and Phillip Knight, were initially disappointed by the sales that they were making. They paid a university student to make a logo for their products that would help to attract more recognition to the brand (Yu). Over the past five decades, the company has risen to remarkable fame, and the UK marketing manager for Nike attributes this fame and success to the firm and resolute vision of the company. He observes. â€Å"Absolutely everything we do is motivated by the fact that we’re here to enable athletes to be even better. We know who we are. We know what we want to achieve and we go for it 100 per cent of the time† (Yu). Nike has several brand names such as Nike Pro, Nike Air Max and Nike Football, and works with subsidiary names such as Umbro, Cole Haan and Converse. Along with producing sports gear and equipment, Nike also operates widely in retail stores under the ‘Nike Town’ profile. Many high profile athletes have benefited from Nike sponsorships deals promoting the ‘swoosh logo’ and ‘just do it’ trademarks. According to the Global Alliance report on the factories making Nike products in Indonesia, about 58% of the employees are young adults aged between 20 and 24 years. Moreover, 83% of the labour is female. Half of the

Tesco Versus Sainsbury Financial Performance Analysis Finance Essay

Tesco Versus Sainsbury Financial Performance Analysis Finance Essay Food retailing has traditionally been highly competitive with significant pressure on margins and cost control. The UK retailers like Tesco, MS, Sainsburys, Asda faced further challenges when the consumer confidence index surged due to the financial crisis and job losses. Still, food retailers seemed to have found successful anti-crisis policies when compared to the performance of their high-street competitors (Brand Republic, February 2009). The report hereto would investigate and compare the financial performance of two of the largest UK food retailers J Sainsbury plc and Tesco plc. The scope of the analysis would be the three latest financial years 2007-2009. The main analytical technique would be ratio analysis looking at companies profitability, performance and financial stability. Latest share information would also be examined briefly. The report would start with a short introduction of both businesses, proceed to a comparison between them based on certain ratios or indicators and end with a conclusion identifying which business performed better in the last three years. Tesco plc Company Profile Tesco plc is a UK-based retail business being number one in its home market and the third worlds largest retailer in terms of revenue after Wal Mart and Carrefour (Tesco, 2010). The company was established by Jack Cohen in 1919 in East London as a grocery selling stall. He expanded the business and in 1947 Tesco plc was floated on the London Stock Exchange (Tesco, 2010). At present Tesco has operations across varied retail segments and in about 15 international locations including Europe, US and Asia (Tesco, 2010). As per latest company data Tesco has a portfolio of 2Â  306 stores in the UK and its UK market share reached 30,7% in 2009 (The Guardian, Nov 2009). Tesco has further 2Â  400 stores internationally (Tesco, 2010). The corporate strategy of business and geography diversification of Tesco was initiated in mid 1990s with the aim of broadening the business scope in order to deliver strong sustainable long-term growth. Currently, the business includes also financial services and the Tesco mobile since 2003. Currently, Tesco plc has a market capitalization in excess of GBP 33b and employs about 440Â  000 people. Terry Leahy was appointed for a CEO in 1997 (Tesco, 2010). J Sainsbury plc Company Profile J Sainsbury plc is the corporate entity of the food retail chain Sainsburys. The company is UK-based and is currently the third largest supermarket chain in the UK with an estimated market share of approximately 16.3% (Sainsburys, 2010). Sainsburys was initially founded in 1869 as a family business by John James Sainsbury and his wife Mary Ann. The business expanded quickly and became the largest grocery retailer in 1922 (Sainsburys, 2010). It kept its leadership position up until the mid 1990 when due to internal problems and loss of focus it was replaced by Tesco and Asda (becoming second largest retailer in 2003, The Telegraph, June 2009). Presently, as per latest company information, Sainsburys consists of a chain of 525 supermarkets, 303 convenience stores, a Real Estate Division managing some of the store properties and a Financial Services Division (Sainsburys Bank, offering insurance, credit cards, loans, etc.). The company employs about 150Â  000 employees (Sainsburys, 2010). The business serves over 18.5 million customers a week, as the product range already includes clothing and home furnishing lines. Online shopping and delivery is also available to the Sainsburys customers. With respect to ownership and management, J Sainsbury plc is publicly traded company listed on the London Stock Exchange and ranks into the FTSE 100 index. The Sainsbury family has approximately 15% interest in the company. Justing King with a number of top management position in the UK retail industry was appointed for CEO of J Sainsbury plc. David Tylor is the chairman of the board. (Sainsburys, 2010) Tesco plc and J Sainsbury Financial analysis The section would present the financial analysis of both Tesco and Sainsburys. The analysis will be based on the calculation of a number of ratios measuring profitability, efficiency, financial standing and investment opportunities. As discussed by Berk and DeMarzo (2007), ratio analysis is most powerful when the results for a given company are compared with the ones of a close competitor, the industry average or to the historical trend for the same company. Thus, the analysis would cover a period of three years 2007-2009 and would contrast the performance of both companies which are considered to be a very close business match. Both companies performance would be benchmarked to the industry average indicators where appropriate. The calculations are based on financial information available in the company annual reports. Profitability analysis As discussed by Atrill (2002), profitability measures (ratios) show how a company uses its resources. Profit margins show how much the business is able to retain in excess to the cost of its operations. Return ratios, on the other hand, indicate if it is able to generate enough return for the capital supplier. Return on capital employed (ROCE) represents the overall return on the all capital employed (equity and debt) in the business. As discussed in the business valuation literature (Palepu, 2004), there is empirical evidence that ROCE is affected by market forces and mean reverts in long-term and for mature companies. The level of mean-reversion is towards the long-term weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) of about 8-10%, suggesting elimination of abnormal profits over long periods of the business life. Looking at the ROCE of both companies, Tesco fits in the expectations with its measure declining from 13% in 2007 to 9% in 2009. On the contrary, Sainsburys operates substantially below the average at 4-5% ROCE over the period. It is further alarming that Sainsburys ratio is on decreasing trend in 2009. It should be kept in mind that the ratios may be affected by the accounting practices, as the so-called dirty-surplus items are usually put in the equity section of the balance sheet. F urther, the ROCE itself does not give information where the performance comes from. So, decomposition of the ratio is needed (ROCE = RNOA+FLEV EFFECT) Return on net operation assets (RNOA) behaves similarly to ROCE, as in long-term RNOA levels of old companies have proven to mean revert to average levels between 8 and 15%, as companies with lower RNOA levels tend to increase and visa versa (Palepu, 2004). In the particular case, we can see that Tesco again generates higher return of about 8-5% compared to 3% for Sainsburys over the three year period. It can also be noted that the Sainburys RNOA is stable over the period while the one of Tesco decreases almost 50%. A possible reason may be disproportionate addition of assets compared to the sales growth. Investigating this further, we see that Tescos sales grew by 10% and 13% in 2008 and 2009 respectively, while its total assets grew by 22% and 53% for the same period. Sainsburys shows a more proportionate behavior of growth with sales increasing 3% and 5% in 2008 and 2009 and total assets growing by 5% and -1% over the same period. The 5% sales growth in 2009 is even more impressiv e when noted that it is achieved by the same asset base as in 2008. Still, for a better understanding of the profitability drivers, RNOA can be further decomposed to the expression NOPAT margin*asset turnover. Looking at the profit margins of both businesses, expectedly their margins are low due to the saturation of the industry. Tescos gross profit margin (GPM) has been stable at about 7,5%, while the one of Sainsburys decreased from 6,8% in 2007 to 5,5% in 2009. Still, both companies operate at substantially higher margins than the industry average of 2,2% (Reuters). The further vertical analysis of the income statements shows that the decrease in Tescos GPM translates into decreasing operating profit margin as well (from 6,2% to 5,9%), while Sainsburys actually achieved a stable increase in the OPM of 0,6% over the three years period. Sainsburys performance suggests management involvement in operational efficiency and cost control trying to improve the bottom line. However, the after tax profit margin of Sainsburys actually decreased with 0,4% to 1,5% in 2009. Tesco NOPAT margin also decreased over the period, but is materially higher being 4% in 2009. As suggested by Palepu (2004), mat ure industries with high level of competition are normally expected to compensate low margins with high turnover. The asset turnover ratio (ATO) is an efficiency measure rather than profitability one. However, it would be considered here as it has direct effect on the overall ROCE. The ATO ratio shows how effectively the assets of the company are used to generate sales (Berk and DeMarzo, 2007). Empirical evidence shows that it tends to stay constant over time except when some new technology is introduced and efficiency of operations is improved (Palepu, 2004). Retail industry is not technology-intensive and substantial changes in ATO are not expected to occur over short periods as the scope of the analysis hereto. Still, Tescos ATO decreased notably from 1,72 in 2007 to 1,18 in 2009. The anomaly can be explained with the aggressive growth in assets (22% and 53% in 2008 and 2009 respectively) which did not translate into the same level of sales growth. On the contrary, Sainsburys ATO improved slightly from 1,78 in 2007 to 1,88 in 2009 being again an evidence of tight efficiency control and focus. Sainsburys definitely compensate lower profitability with much higher efficiency of operations. Both companies operate at ATOs higher than the industry average of 0,26 (Reuters). Efficiency measures working capital management Working capital management and its components are further indication of a company operational efficiency. As explained by Weetman (2003), the working capital cycle presents the proportion of the operating activities that need to be covered with long-term financing. Thereby, the longer the cycle, the greater the need to employ long-term debt in operations rather than in investment activities. The inventory turnover in days for both Tesco and Sainsburys is 16-18 days and 13-14 days respectively. The period is quite short, even though it is in line with the expectations for the retail industry. Still, Sainsburys perform slightly better in terms of inventory management. Sainsburys seems to have also better receivables collection management with its days receivables being below a day opposed to Tescos days receivables of 1,85 days in 2009. The measure increased slightly (with 0,5 days) for both companies over the three years. Still, a good explanation of the trend may be the increased number of card payments and online shopping volume over the years. In terms of negotiating credit from suppliers (days payables) both companies pay settle payables within 35-36 days on average in 2009. However, the measure has been increasing for Tesco (from 32 days in 2007), while decreasing for Sainsburys (from 39 days in 2007). Being times bigger, Tesco would be expected to have better negotiation power over its suppliers, however Sainsburys also managed to stay competitive in this respect. Overall, calculating the total length of the working capital cycle for both, we obtain negative numbers due to the short inventory and receivables cycles and the long credit lines with suppliers. The result suggests that Tesco and Sainsburys have healthy short-term financial management and they actually utilize suppliers financial resources. Solvency and liquidity analysis As indicated by Atrill (2002), solvency and liquidity ratios indicate the ability of a business to cover its current liabilities, as well as its long-term financial health and stability. In short-run ability to cover debt-servicing payments, as well as other trade claims, is vital, while the capital structure and the debt burden on the total assets is more important in long-run. Tesco has healthy current ratio close to 6 in 2009 (about 3 in 2007-2008) and a quick ratio strictly above 1 for the whole period. However, Sainsburys financial position is quite different. Both ratios are below 1 and have been following a decreasing trend over the three years period. Food retailing is high turnover industry and definitely is not considered to be among the high volatility ones. Thus, current and quick ratios below one are normal. Still, Sainsburys ratios are materially lower even than the industry average (Sainsburys quick ration was 0,31 in 2009 compared to 0,82 for the industry). Still, it is positive that the company has healthy interest coverage which appears negative due to interest income being more than interest expenses. Tesco also has good interest coverage of 8 in 2009 (decreasing from 12 in 2007). In terms of solvency, as expected from the industry context, both companies have relatively high debt levels at about 50% of equity. The levels are twice the industry average of 24% (Reuters). Tesco loaded on debt aggressively in 2009 with its financial leverage reaching 50% in order to finance expansion. Still, this is not considered as a serious threat given the good performance and short-term financial stability indicators. Share price analysis Tescos share price has been fluctuating over the past 3 years between 300p and 470p. It currently trades at about 445p a share and has been increasing since April last year from its low at 300p per share. Sainsburys share price seemed to be a bit less volatile in short-term, even though it traded in the range of 280 600p over the 3 years period. The price went through a few significant drops and adjusted to an annual average of 330p for the last year. In terms of multiples, both Tesco and Sainsburys trade at P/E ratios close to 16 indicating high confidence of investors in the future growth of the businesses. Still, Tesco trades at a bit better P/B of 2,60 compared to Sainsburys P/B of 1,44 (Reuters). Generally, both P/B ratios are low, still it needs to be accounted that the industry is very competitive and mature. Analysts seem to be more confident in Tescos performance (Bar Cap Wealth Management), with Tesco being a buy and Sainsburys being hold as at the last recommendations available (Reuters). Conclusion Financial analysis and ratio analysis in particular are only one of the tools that a potential investor may and should use. The analysis is mostly based on accounting information (companys annual reports) that due to accounting practices may not fully reflect the market value of a company. Furthermore, the analysis examines the past performance of a company and it may be a point considering its future abilities, but it is in no way decisive. Past cannot be used as a determinant of the future. Applied to Tesco and Sainsburys, the tool revealed useful baseline for further study of the companies. Tesco can definitely be seen as a leader in growth and profit margins. However, it performed relatively poor in terms of efficiency compared to Sainsburys. Still, as both companys report annual accounts early in the year, the information analyzed failed to account for the later fast growth in like-for-like sales of Sainsburys at 7,8% compared to 4,3% of Tesco (The Telegraph, June 2009) and the announcement of aggressive expansion plans. Still, assuming the markets have reacted efficiently, the information should be captured in the current share prices of companies.

An invesigation of the contribrution

Over the years, there have been many definitions of insurance but the most accepted definition is that given by ALAN WILLET in 1901. He defined insurance â€Å"As the accumulation of reserves for the purpose of contingencies†. Thus it is a business activity wherein some people or parties who are subject to certain risk pay monthly or yearly premium to an insurance company to transfer the burden of such risks.Insurance also may be defined â€Å"as a contract whereby a person called the insurer or the assure agrees in consideration of money paid to him called the premium by another person called the insured or assured to indemnify the latter against losses resulting to him on the happening of certain events†¦. J. O. Rusk (1991)†. The origin of insurance initially had a connection with ships and cargoes achieving a spread of risk.This origin dates back to as early as BBC (carter, 1991) when the â€Å"Babylonians developed a system of loans on maritime ventures whereb y the loans were not repayable in the event of the loss of the venture†, to the emergence of modern insurance development which owes its credence to Great Britain, though insurance Ewing introduced into Britain by the Lombard in the 14th and 1 5th centuries (Cooker, 2002). Insurance is an intangible service paid for and received at a future date.The technicality of insurance makes it obvious for uneven incidence of risks when there are infinite numbers of identical risks. It is also a risk transfer mechanism which provides enormous benefits to the individual/organizations (both profit and non- profit), government and socio-economy at large. Every individual or organization is faced with the likelihood of a loss, injury, destruction of life or properties; hence, it is asserted that â€Å"Risk is concomitant of life† (Chipolata 2006). In other words, risk is unavoidable.Since It is a form of risk management primarily used to hedge against the risk of a contingent, uncerta in loss, it is therefore because of the liability of an organization to predict the future that insurance is purchased. 1. 2 DEFINITION OF RISK The term risk is a simple notion which cut across a layman's definition to the technicalities of business practices. When someone states that there is risk in a particular situation or context, be it business or an event, the ordinary listener understands what it means on the face of it. What then is Risk?This question can easily be answered by adopting a generally accepted definition of Risk by a renowned scholar, Dry Matthias G. Healer. He defines it as the possibility that positive expectation of a goal-oriented system will not be achieved (uncertainty) and this will be due to either certain human or inhuman factors. Furthermore, risk refers to the uncertainty that surrounds future events and its outcomes. It has an expression which looks again at likelihood and impact of an event with the potential to influence the achievement of organiz ations objectives.When â€Å"risk† is said to exist, there is also the likelihood that expected results may not match those results hoped for I. E. A deviation. Benjamin Franklin in his book observed that in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death and taxes. Yet there is some uncertainty about those two phenomena: no one can be sure when he/she will die, and tax rules and rates are frequently changed. In fact, the whole of life is surrounded by uncertainty. In some situation uncertainties are within the control of individuals or firm, others are part of the environment in which our lives operate.However, the word ‘risk used here changes. Insurance is an unsought good and the uncertainty in future events is what is being insured. Insurers' profitability in any portfolio depends largely on the frequency, the severity of its impact and its final results (uncertainty). Uncertainty is not merely a dimension of threats, hazards and risks but opportunities w hich if anticipated may result in a reward. The risk is the thing which is insured, the insured peril, the expected claims cost for any given policy, or as a general term for unwanted and uncertain future events. 1. 3 RISK MANAGEMENT AND INSURANCEOrganizations had long practiced various parts of what has come to be called risk management. Risk management is attempting to identify and manage the threats that could severely impact or bring down an organization. The management of risk is a fundamental aspect of entrepreneurial activity. Entrepreneurs manage the risk of accidental loss by weighing the costs and benefits of each alternative. In a structured risk management process, this involves: 1. Identify and analyze the loss exposure. 2. Formulate alternatives to dealing with such exposure 3. Select the apparent best techniques to treat exposure .Implement the decisions made 5. Monitor the effectiveness of the decisions implemented. Those who do not apply a structured process still m ake decisions about risk, although sometimes by default rather than design. For industrial or commercial firm, the objective of risk management may be to maximize profits, or to increase revenue, net worth or perhaps market share over some period, or to achieve a combination of several objectives, or Just to stay in business. Managing a multitude of internal and external risks is one of the most significant challenges facing organization set up today.Insurance serves a number of valuable functions that are largely distinct from other types of financial intermediaries. In order to highlight specifically the unique attributes of insurance, it is worth focusing on those services that are not provided by other financial services providers, excluding for instance the contractual savings features of whole or universal life products. The indemnification and risk pooling properties of insurance facilitate commercial transactions and the provision of credit by mitigating losses as well as th e measurement and management of non diversifier risk more generally.Typically insurance contracts involve small periodic payments in return for protection against uncertain, but potentially severe losses. Among other things, this income smoothing effect helps to avoid excessive and costly bankruptcies and facilitates lending to businesses. The scope of an economy's insurance market affects both the range of available alternatives and the quality of information to support decisions. For example, a manufacturer might produce only for the local market, forgoing more lucrative opportunities in distant markets in order to avoid the risk of losing goods in shipment.Transport insurance can mitigate this loss exposure and enable the manufacturer to expand. Similarly, to avoid the risk of total loss from drought, a commercial farmer may keep half of his seed in reserve. 1. 4 INSURANCE CONTRIBUTION TO AN ORGANIZATION Insurance through effective risk management contribute specialized expertise in the identification and measurement of risk. This expertise enables them to accept carefully specified risks at lower prices than non-specialists. They also have an incentive to collect and analyze information about loss exposures, since the more precisely they measure the cost of risk, the more they can expand.Over the years, the realization of risk management with the help of insurance has contributed enormously in achieving organizational goals severally. For instance, 0 It guarantees as far as possible, that the organization will not be prevented from pursuing its other goals as a result of losses associated with pure risks. 0 It contributes to profit by controlling the cost of risk for the organization 0 It can also reduce expenses through risk control measures (insurance) and as such increasing income.As a result, the insurance market generates price signals not only to manufacturing sector but to the entire economy, helping to allocate resources to more productive uses. In surers also have an incentive to control losses, which is a significant social benefit. Most fundamentally, the availability of insurance enables risk averse individuals, entrepreneurs and organizations to undertake higher risk, higher return activities than they would do in the absence of insurance, promoting higher productivity and growth. . 5 PROBLEM ANALYSIS All manufacturing companies are set up with a primary objective to produce goods that meet the needs of their customers and also to maximize profit. In the process of manufacturing goods the company is often exposed to varying and diverse risk(s) which affects all the factors of production. In as much as these factors are exposed, the logical conclusion is that the income of the company is threatened.Human lives are exposed to industrial injuries which sometimes end up in death, permanent or temporary disability, properties could be destroyed through fire out break or explosions, and liabilities could be incurred arising fro m the consumption of the product. When less emphasis is placed on these loss exposures, it will definitely lead to the demise of the company. This project therefore, will look at the effect of insurance in manufacturing sector and also whether manufacturing companies who place major significant on insurance are successful in their total business effort all other things being equal. . 5 PURPOSE OF STUDY As earlier mentioned, the aim of any manufacturing company is to maximize profit and ensure customer satisfaction. It is quiet obvious that in carrying out production the organization is exposed to so many risks. This study is focused on the effect of insurance in manufacturing these products, in essence, how risks that could not be voided, minimized, reduced or retained can be transferred to insurance companies while the organization focuses its attention to its real business. Our study seeks: 1. To find out how risks/ loss exposures has been managed in Banana breweries 2.To examine the effect of insurance in the development of the organization (Banana Breweries) as a case study 3. To examine risks that they have managed by way of transfer to insurance and how adequate are the various insurance covers. 4. To consider the extent to which insurance has contributed to the attainment of the corporate goals of Banana Breweries 5. To make policy recommendations on how insurance will assist to further develop Banana Breweries, GAMBLE, and The Gambia. 1. 6 RELEVANT RESEARCH QUESTIONS The research exercise is set out to answer the following questions: 1 .What is the level of insurance awareness in the manufacturing sector of The Gambia 2. Does insurance enhance corporate development 3. Has your company ever sustained any unusual, large or unique losses either insured or uninsured 4. Is insurance an effective risk transfer mechanism. Due to time and other constraints, the researchers had to narrow the scope of their duty to Banana Breweries co. Ltd and Gamble in The Gamb ia. The study shall focus on the effect of insurance in the above listed companies as well as its benefits.It will assist the company to continue appreciating the role that insurance plays in their activities, and also serve as a means of reviewing improvement measures in place which hopefully will bring about uncovered areas of loss exposures to their operations. 1. 9 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY All manufacturing companies exist to ensure that the shareholders maximize their wealth. Companies therefore undertake economic activities for profit. However, in heir pursuit of this venture all the factors of production are exposed to one risk or the other.Those study is primarily laying emphasis on the essence of insurance which will significantly aid the manufacturing concern to achieve their broad objectives, through a well coordinated and scientific measurement and assessment of the various risks that the manufacturing company is exposed to. The study will assist the company to continue app reciating the role that insurance plays in their activities, serve as a review of existing measures in place and hope to bring out uncovered areas of risks to their operation.